Inequality in the distribution of rheumatologists in Brazil: correlation with local of medical residency, Gross Domestic Product and Human Development Index

Objetivo: Avaliar a distribuição dos reumatologistas no Brasil e sua correlação com oferta de residência médica (RM) especializada, Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) e Índice De Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M) das unidades da federação (UFs). Métodos: Consulta a várias bases de dados oficiais, sumarização de dados por técnicas estatísticas descritivas e cruzamento de informações. Para análise de correlação, utilizou-se o coeficiente de Spearman (r). Resultados: Foram encontrados 1.229 reumatologistas registrados regularmente no país. A região Norte reunia apenas 3,6% desse contingente (n = 44), enquanto o Sudeste, 42,2% (n = 519). As capitais somadas aos cinco maiores municípios de cada UF concentraram 75,8% desses especialistas (n = 931). No total, 49,9% dos reumatologistas prestavam atendimento pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Achou-se razão geral de 157.809 habitantes para cada reumatologista no Brasil, porém com grande variação entre as UF quanto a essa proporção. Entre 2000 e 2012, houve 593 concluintes de RM em reumatologia no Brasil. Achou-se correlação positiva do número de reumatologistas ante o PIB (r = 0,94), o IDH-M da capital (r = 0,77) e o número de concluintes de RM em reumatologia (r = 0,79) das UF. Conclusões: Observou-se forte concentração de reumatologistas nas capitais e maiores municípios brasileiros, com inequalidades perceptíveis também entre as UF e as regiões do país. A distribuição desses profissionais acompanhou o PIB, o IDH-M da capital e o número de concluintes de RM em reumatologia das UF, sugerindo que fatores relacionados a oportunidades de renda e desenvolvimento humano e ao local de formação especializada podem influir na fixação geográfica dos reumatologistas.Objective: To assess the distribution of rheumatologists in Brazil and their correlation with Medical Residency specialization offer, Gross Domestic Product (Gdp) And Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M) of units of the federation (UFs). Methods: Query to various official databases, data summarization by techniques for descriptive statistics and cross-referenced information. For correlation analysis, we used the Spearman correlation coefficient (r). Results: There were 1229 rheumatologists regularly registered in the country. The Northern region had only 3.6% of the total (n = 44), while the Southeast had 42.2% (n = 519). The State capitals, added to the five largest municipalities in each UF, concentrated 75.8% of these specialists (n = 931). In total, 49.9% of rheumatologists offered treatment at SUS. A general ratio of 157,809 inhabitants per rheumatologist in Brazil was determined, but with wide variation among UFs with respect to this ratio. In the years 2000-2012, there were 593 Rheumatology Residency graduated physicians in Brazil. We observed a positive correlation among number of rheumatologists compared with GDP (r = 0.94), HDI-M of the State capitals (r = 0.77) and number of Rheumatology Residency graduated physicians (r = 0.79) in UFs. Conclusions: We noted a strong concentration of rheumatologists in State capitals and larger municipalities, with noticeable inequalities also between UFs and country regions. The distribution of these professionals accompanied GDP, HDI-M of the State capital and number of Rheumatology Residency graduated physicians, suggesting that factors related to income opportunities and human development and the place of speciality training may influence the geographical fixation of rheumatologists

Terapia con Láser de baja intensidad para reducir el dolor en la artritis reumatoide y la osteoartritis : una revisión sistemática

Introdução: Os tratamentos para artrite reumatoide (AR) e osteoartrite (OA) devem diminuir dor, modular inflamação e diminuir deformidades. O LLLT é um biomodulador e pode auxiliar no quadro clínico destas. Objetivo: Analisar os parâmetros mais comumente utilizados para a diminuição das respostas de dor em pacientes com AR e OA em ensaios clínicos controlados e não controlados. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática com busca de artigos em inglês, português e espanhol na: PUBMED, SCOPUS, LILACS e Web of SCIENCE, entre 2006 a 2018. Foram utilizados os descritores MESH. Critérios de inclusão: avaliação da eficácia do LLLT nestas populações, verificação da dor antes e depois do tratamento, ensaios clínicos controlados e não controlados, publicados integralmente. Foi realizado o cálculo da dosimetria do laser e análise de média, mediana e moda da energia por ponto e energia por tratamento. Resultados: Incluídos neste estudo 3 artigos de AR e 16 de OA. Em relação à dosimetria, apenas um AR apresentou redução da dor, sendo este com a maior dose de energia. Já na OA, a maioria dos artigos apresentou diminuição da dor, e com variabilidade na dosagem aplicada. Alguns tiveram poucos parâmetros apresentados, tornando impossível calcular a dosimetria. Conclusão: há evidências científicas para reduzir a dor relatada em pacientes com OA de joelho, principalmente com doses de 6 J por ponto e 48 J aplicadas no tratamento diário. Para as outras articulações afetadas com OA e AR, seria importante a publicação de mais artigos científicos com melhor qualidade metodológica e descrição da dosimetria.Introduction: Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) can reduce, modulate inflammation, and reduce deformities. Low-Level Laser Therapy is a biomodulator and may aid in the clinical picture of these conditions. Objective: To analyze the parameters most frequently used to determine the responses of patients with RA and OA in controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials. Method: This is a systematic review with search of articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish in PUBMED, SCOPUS, LILACS and Web of SCIENCE, of articles published between 2006 and 2018. MeSH terms were used. Inclusion criteria: evaluation of LLLT in the evaluations, evaluation and evaluation of the period, controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials, full publications. The base date of the energy dosimetry and the analysis of mean, median and mode of energy per point and energy per treatment. Results: Three articles on RA and 16 on OA were included in this study. Regarding dosimetry, it was one of the most recent of the pain, being this one with a greater energy dose. In OA, most of the articles presented are of importance, with variability in the dosage applied. Conclusion: There are several reports for patient studies purposes, mainly with doses of 6 J per point and 48 J. In the joints affected with OA and AR, it would be important to publish more scientific articles with better methodological quality and description of dosimetry.Introducción: Los tratamientos para la artritis reumatoide (AR) y la osteoartritis (OA) pueden reducirse, modular, encender y disminuir las deformidades. El LLLT es un biomodulador y puede auxiliar en el cuadro clínico de éstas. Objetivo: Analizar los parámetros más frecuentemente utilizados para determinar las respuestas de pacientes con AR y OA en ensayos clínicos controlados y no controlados. Método: Se trata de una revisión sistemática y la búsqueda de artículos en Inglés, portugués y español en: PubMed, SCOPUS, se utilizaron LILACS y Web of Science, entre 2006 y 2018. Los descriptores de malla. Criterios de inclusión: evaluación de la LLLT en las evaluaciones, evaluación y evaluación del período, ensayos clínicos controlados y no controlados, íntegramente. La fecha base de la dosimetría de energía y el análisis de media, media y moda de la energía por punto y energía por tratamiento. Resultados: Incluido en este estudio 3 artículos de AR y 16 de OA. En cuanto a la dosimetría, fue uno de los más recientes del dolor, siendo éste con una dosis mayor de energía. En la OA, la mayoría de los artículos presentados son de importancia, con la variabilidad en la dosificación aplicada. Se han tenido pocos pocos parámetros parámetros parámetros presentados presentados. Conclusión: hay una serie de informes para fines de estudios con pacientes, principalmente con dosis de 6 J por punto y 48 J. Las articulaciones afectadas con OA y AR, sería importante la publicación de más artículos científicos con mejor calidad metodológica y descripción de dosimetría

The challenge of concomitant infections in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic era : severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in a patient with chronic Chagas disease and dimorphic leprosy

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first officially described in Brazil on February 26th, 2020. The accumulation of reports of concomitant infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and pathogens that cause diseases endemic to tropical countries, such as dengue and chikungunya fever, has started to draw attention. Chagas disease and leprosy remain public health problems in many developing countries, such as Brazil. In this manuscript, we describe a case of concomitant leprosy, Chagas disease, and COVID-19, highlighting the cutaneous manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the clinical behavior of household contacts who previously received prophylactic Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccines

The disruption of elective procedures due to COVID‑19 in Brazil in 2020

Elective procedures were temporarily suspended several times over the course of the pandemic of COVID-19. Monthly data from the Unifed Health System (SUS) were used for the period between January 2008 and December 2020 and the interrupted time series method was used to estimate the efect of the pandemic on the number of elective surgeries and elective procedures that were not performed. Considering a 9-month period, a reduction of 46% in the number of elective procedures carried out in the SUS could be attributed to COVID-19, corresponding to about 828,429 elective procedures cancelled, ranging from 549,921 to 1,106,936. To a full recovery of pre-pandemic performance, SUS would need to increase about 21,362 hospital beds, ranging from 12,370 to 36,392 hospital beds during a 6 month-period. This efort would represent an increase of 8.48% (ranging from 4.91 to 14.45%) in relation to the total number of SUS’s hospital beds in 2019. As a result, the pandemic will leave a large number of elective procedures to be carried out, which will require eforts by health agencies to meet this demand

2017 recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology for the pharmacological treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

The objective of this document is to provide a comprehensive update of the recommendations of Brazilian Society of Rheumatology on drug treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), based on a systematic literature review and on the opinion of a panel of rheumatologists. Four general principles and eleven recommendations were approved. General principles: RA treatment should (1) preferably consist of a multidisciplinary approach coordinated by a rheumatologist, (2) include counseling on lifestyle habits, strict control of comorbidities, and updates of the vaccination record, (3) be based on decisions shared by the patient and the physician after clarification about the disease and the available therapeutic options; (4) the goal is sustained clinical remission or, when this is not feasible, low disease activity. Recommendations: (1) the first line of treatment should be a csDMARD, started as soon as the diagnosis of RA is established; (2) methotrexate (MTX) is the first-choice csDMARD; (3) the combination of two or more csDMARDs, including MTX, may be used as the first line of treatment; (4) after failure of first-line therapy with MTX, the therapeutic strategies include combining MTX with another csDMARD (leflunomide), with two csDMARDs (hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine), or switching MTX for another csDMARD (leflunomide or sulfasalazine) alone; (5) after failure of two schemes with csDMARDs, a bDMARD may be preferably used or, alternatively a tsDMARD, preferably combined, in both cases, with a csDMARD; (6) the different bDMARDs in combination with MTX have similar efficacy, and therefore, the therapeutic choice should take into account the peculiarities of each drug in terms of safety and cost; (7) the combination of a bDMARD and MTX is preferred over the use of a bDMARD alone; (8) in case of failure of an initial treatment scheme with a bDMARD, a scheme with another bDMARD can be used; in cases of failure with a TNFi, a second bDMARD of the same class or with another mechanism of action is effective and safe; (9) tofacitinib can be used to treat RA after failure of bDMARD; (10) corticosteroids, preferably at low doses for the shortest possible time, should be considered during periods of disease activity, and the risk-benefit ratio should also be considered; (11) reducing or spacing out bDMARD doses is possible in patients in sustained remission

Panoramic snapshot of serum soluble mediator interplay in pregnant women with convalescent COVID-19: an exploratory study

IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy can induce changes in the maternal immune response, with effects on pregnancy outcome and offspring. This is a cross-sectional observational study designed to characterize the immunological status of pregnant women with convalescent COVID-19 at distinct pregnancy trimesters. The study focused on providing a clear snapshot of the interplay among serum soluble mediators.MethodsA sample of 141 pregnant women from all prenatal periods (1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters) comprised patients with convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infection at 3-20 weeks after symptoms onset (COVID, n=89) and a control group of pre-pandemic non-infected pregnant women (HC, n=52). Chemokine, pro-inflammatory/regulatory cytokine and growth factor levels were quantified by a high-throughput microbeads array.ResultsIn the HC group, most serum soluble mediators progressively decreased towards the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy, while higher chemokine, cytokine and growth factor levels were observed in the COVID patient group. Serum soluble mediator signatures and heatmap analysis pointed out that the major increase observed in the COVID group related to pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-17). A larger set of biomarkers displayed an increased COVID/HC ratio towards the 2nd (3x increase) and the 3rd (3x to 15x increase) trimesters. Integrative network analysis demonstrated that HC pregnancy evolves with decreasing connectivity between pairs of serum soluble mediators towards the 3rd trimester. Although the COVID group exhibited a similar profile, the number of connections was remarkably lower throughout the pregnancy. Meanwhile, IL-1Ra, IL-10 and GM-CSF presented a preserved number of correlations (≥5 strong correlations in HC and COVID), IL-17, FGF-basic and VEGF lost connectivity throughout the pregnancy. IL-6 and CXCL8 were included in a set of acquired attributes, named COVID-selective (≥5 strong correlations in COVID and <5 in HC) observed at the 3rd pregnancy trimester.Discussion and conclusionFrom an overall perspective, a pronounced increase in serum levels of soluble mediators with decreased network interplay between them demonstrated an imbalanced immune response in convalescent COVID-19 infection during pregnancy that may contribute to the management of, or indeed recovery from, late complications in the post-symptomatic phase of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women

High levels of immunosuppression are related to unfavourable outcomes in hospitalised patients with rheumatic diseases and COVID-19 : first results of ReumaCoV Brasil registry

Objectives To evaluate risk factors associated with unfavourable outcomes: emergency care, hospitalisation, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), mechanical ventilation and death in patients with immune-mediated rheumatic disease (IMRD) and COVID-19. Methods Analysis of the first 8 weeks of observational multicentre prospective cohort study (ReumaCoV Brasil register). Patients with IMRD and COVID-19 according to the Ministry of Health criteria were classified as eligible for the study. Results 334 participants were enrolled, a majority of them women, with a median age of 45 years; systemic lupus erythematosus (32.9%) was the most frequent IMRD. Emergency care was required in 160 patients, 33.0% were hospitalised, 15.0% were admitted to the ICU and 10.5% underwent mechanical ventilation; 28 patients (8.4%) died. In the multivariate adjustment model for emergency care, diabetes (prevalence ratio, PR 1.38; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.73; p=0.004), kidney disease (PR 1.36; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.77; p=0.020), oral glucocorticoids (GC) (PR 1.49; 95% CI 1.21 to 1.85; p50 years (PR 1.89; 95% CI 1.26 to 2.85; p=0.002), no use of tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) (PR 2.51;95% CI 1.16 to 5.45; p=0.004) and methylprednisolone pulse therapy (PR 2.50; 95% CI 1.59 to 3.92; p<0.001); for ICU admission, oral GC (PR 2.24; 95% CI 1.36 to 3.71; p<0.001) and pulse therapy with methylprednisolone (PR 1.65; 95% CI 1.00 to 2.68; p<0.043); the two variables associated with death were pulse therapy with methylprednisolone or cyclophosphamide (PR 2.86; 95% CI 1.59 to 5.14; p<0.018). Conclusions Age >50 years and immunosuppression with GC and cyclophosphamide were associated with unfavourable outcomes of COVID-19. Treatment with TNFi may have been protective, perhaps leading to the COVID-19 inflammatory process

Variação da intensidade de radiação ultravioleta ambiental e sua relação com a frequência de internações hospitalares por lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, 2012.Introdução: luz ultravioleta (UV) é capaz de induzir experimentalmente manifestações clínicas no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES). Todavia, é incerto se as variações sazonais da radiação UV ambiental determinam modificações correspondentes na distribuição temporal das exacerbações da doença, com possíveis reflexos nas frequências de internação hospitalar. Objetivo: analisar a relação entre a frequência de internações hospitalares por LES e a variação da intensidade de radiação ultravioleta ambiental. Métodos: registros de todas as internações por LES, em hospitais do Distrito Federal, nos anos 2004 a 2008, foram pesquisados no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde. Dados sobre radiação ultravioleta, na forma do índice ultravioleta, foram obtidos do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Diferenças trimestrais, quanto às internações hospitalares foram verificadas por análise de variância baseada em postos. O trimestre de maior radiação ultravioleta foi comparado aos demais, pelo teste de Dunnett. A relação entre o número de internações hospitalares e o índice ultravioleta foi avaliada por modelo auto-regressivo. Resultados: foram registradas 1824 internações pela doença, no período. Os maiores níveis do índice ultravioleta foram observados no verão, e os menores, no inverno. A mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ) das internações mensais por LES, em cada trimestre, foram 24 (IIQ 9,5) registros/mês em dezembro-janeiro-fevereiro (verão); 29 (IIQ 11,5) em março-abrilmaio; 35 (IIQ 10) em junho-julho-agosto (inverno) e 29 (IIQ 6,5) em setembro-outubronovembro. Os trimestres diferiram quanto ao número de internações hospitalares (p = 0,034). As internações foram significativamente menos frequentes em dezembro-janeiro-fevereiro frente a junho-julho-agosto. Achou-se relação inversa entre o número de internações hospitalares e o índice ultravioleta (p = 0,024). Conclusões: a intensidade da radiação ultravioleta ambiental mantém relação inversa para com o número de internações hospitalares por LES, havendo predomínio de internações no inverno. Os achados sugerem potencial da luz UV para induzir ativação do LES com retardo de meses, após o aumento da exposição, e com gravidade suficiente para repercutir sobre a frequência de internações hospitalares pela doença. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTIntroduction: Ultraviolet (UV) light can elicit clinical manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), under experimental conditions. However, it is not clear whether seasonal changes in the environmental UV light could influence the time distribution of the disease's exacerbations, with possible reflexes on hospital admissions. Objective: To analyze the relation between the frequencies of hospital admissions due to SLE and the intensity of environmental UV radiation. Methods: The medical records of all the admissions due to SLE between 2004 and 2008, in hospitals in the Brazilian Federal District, were researched in the Hospital Information System of the national Unique System of Health. Data on UV radiation, in the form of UV index were obtained f rom the National Institute for Space Research. Quarterly differences regarding the admissions were confirmed by analysis of variance. The quarter with the highest UV radiation was compared with the others, using the Dunnett's test. The relation between the number of hospital admissions and the UV index was assessed by autoregressive model. Results: 1824 admissions were recorded in the period. The highest levels of UV index were observed in the summer, and the lowest, in the winter. Monthly median and interquartile range (IQR) of hospital admissions for lupus by quarter were 24 (IQR 9.5) admissions/month in December-January-February (summer in the Southern Hemisphere); 29 (IQR 11.5) in March-April-May; 35 (IQR 10) in June-July-August (winter) and 29 (IQR 6,5) in September-October-November. The quarters differed in the number of admissions (p = 0.034). Hospital admissions were significantly less frequent in the period of December-January-February compared to June-July-August. Inverse relationship between the number of admissions and the UV index (p = 0.024) was found. Conclusions: An inverse relationship was found between the environmental UV radiation and the admissions due to SLE, which were more frequent in the winter. The findings suggest the potential for UV light to induce the activation of lupus with a delay of months after increased exposure, severe enough to reflect on the frequencies of hospital admissions due to the disease