Occupational Health and Radiation Safety of Radiography Workers

Medical imaging is the identification or study procedure for obtaining medical images of body parts. Millions of imaging procedures take place worldwide each week. Radiation protection is intended to prevent the ionizing radiation exposure from having harmful effects. Exposure may result from a source of radiation outside the human body, or from ingestion of radioactive pollution from internal irradiation. This chapter presents Occupational Health and Radiation Safety of Radiography workers in the medical imaging field. This chapter also summarizes how current employment health status and knowledge gaps can be illustrated in some key and critical occupational issues as well as diseases such as radiation, nosocomial and occupational infections

Applied Radiation Protection Physics

Nuclear medicine is an area where both patients and occupational radiation doses are among the highest in diagnostic imaging modalities today. Therefore, a good understanding and proper application of radiation protection principles are of great importance. Such understanding will allow optimization of practice that will be translated into cost savings for health care administrations worldwide. This chapter will tackle: radiation protection in the routine practice of both diagnostic and therapy applications in nuclear medicine including PET, diagnostic facility design, safety aspects of the common radionuclides used in clinics, the safety of the pregnant and breast feeding patients, radiation effect of exposure to ionizing radiation, and risk estimates. The chapter will discuss the operational radiation safety program requirements applied to Conventional Nuclear Medicine using Gamma Cameras, SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and Radioiodine therapy facilities. The chapter will serve as a quick reference and as a guide to access more detailed information resources available in the scientific literature

Effect of Financial Independence on Reducing Risk of Financial Fragility

Purpose:This research aims to know and measure the impact of financial independence on financial fragility and to provide an applied knowledge framework that shows the relationship between these variables.   Theoretical framework:  and the research problem was represented in several questions, such as can financial independence reduce the financial fragility of the research sample companies?; and what is the level of financial independence and financial fragility of these companies?.   Design/methodology/approach: Financial and statistical methods were relied on using the (SPSS) and (Excel) software. To answer these questions, test hypotheses and analyze the relationship between independent and dependent variables , several conclusions were reached, the most important of which is financial independence when companies reduce their dependence on debt and increase their dependence on internal resources as a main source of financing. Based on the conclusions, a set of recommendations was reached. The most important of which is the attention to restructuring the sources of financing for companies with high financial fragility, which contributes to increasing financial stability and reducing financial risks to a minimum.   Findings: The research was based on a sample consisting of (6) industrial companies listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange for the period from (2011-2020).   Research, Practical & Social implications: The importance of the research lies in the fact that it has exploited the concepts of financial independence as it leads to reducing risks and assisting companies in reducing financial risks and reaching the required levels of performance, growth and continuity in a highly complex, unstable and limited environment, as well as contributing to urging companies to reconsider financial resources, and ways to benefit from it, which contributes to reducing costs and risks and increasing profitability.   Originality/value: The importance of the current research is highlighted by delving into very important topics for industrial companies, as the concepts of financial fragility and financial independence are of increasing importance in the current era, especially in light of the competitive environment, high costs and difficulty in obtaining financial resources

Analysis of Leadership Styles of Blake and Mouton: A Comparative Study of Leadership Interactions in Different Environments

The study aimed to identify the impact of leadership styles according to the leadership network model developed by Blake & Mouton (1978), which are: permissive leadership style, strict leadership style, moderate leadership style, social club management style, and team management style - in choosing business strategies. Followed by insurance companies according to the classification of Michael Porter (1985), who classified them into three strategies: cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and focus strategy. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to a sample of 100 iraqi insurance company managers. 79 valid questionnaires were retrieved, with a recovery rate of -79%. After conducting the necessary statistical analysis, the study reached the following results: There is no effect of the leadership styles according to the Blake and Mouton model in choosing the cost leadership strategy, as the study showed no effect of the permissive style, the moderate style, the social style, and the team leadership style in choosing the cost strategy, and it showed an effect - only - of the strict style in choosing the cost leadership strategy There is an effect of leadership styles according to the Blake and Mouton model on choosing a differentiation strategy, as the study showed an effect of the permissive, moderate, sociable leadership style and the team leadership style on choosing a differentiation strategy, while no effect was shown For the strict style in choosing a differentiation strategy There is an effect of leadership styles according to the Blake Moton model in choosing the focus strategy, as the study showed the presence of this effect of the strict, moderate, social, and team leadership styles in choosing the focus strateg

State of the science on controversial topics: orthodontic therapy and gingival recession (a report of the Angle Society of Europe 2013 meeting).

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists in the literature between the role of orthodontic treatment and gingival recession. Whilst movement of teeth outside the alveolar bone has been reported as a risk factor for gingival recession, others have found no such association. FINDINGS: The Angle Society of Europe devoted a study day to explore the evidence surrounding these controversies. The aim of the day was for a panel of experts to evaluate the current evidence base in relation to either the beneficial or detrimental effects of orthodontic treatment on the gingival tissue. CONCLUSIONS: There remains a relatively weak evidence base for the role of orthodontic treatment and gingival recession and thus a need to undertake a risk assessment and appropriate consent prior to the commencement of treatment. In further prospective, well designed trials are needed

New Trends in Preparation, Bio Distribution, and Pharmacokinetics of Radiopharmaceuticals in Diagnosis and Research

Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds which have a bound radionuclide in their structure. It is used to direct the radionuclide to a location to be treated or to obtain images. Nuclear medicine is the science that in the charge of employing radiopharmaceuticals, which is very useful support for medicine assisting in several diagnoses and treatments for cancer. The main aim of this work is to shed lights on the main radionuclides and metal complexes which are used as radiopharmaceuticals. Radiopharmaceuticals are compounds of technetium (99mTc) is considered as the main metal complexes like sodium pertechnetate and methylenediphosphonate MDP99mTc and other compounds which used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis such as: (1) indium (111In); (2) thallium (201Tl); (3) gallium (67Ga, 68Ga); (4) iodine (123I and 131I); (5) chromium (51Cr); (6) sulfur (35S); (7) phosphorus (32P); (8) a18F. They are very important in the early diagnosis for several diseases such as cancer, kidney, cardiovascular, liver. Generally, technetium compounds are main radiopharmaceuticals, widely all over the word