Intelligent Control of Switched Reluctance Motor for Electrical Vehicle Applications with Different Controller

تستخدم محركات المعاوقي المفتاحي لإنتاج الكثير من  عزم الدوران والتي تعمل عند التشبع المغناطيسي العالي. وبالنظر إلى التشبع المغناطيسي العالي، فإن العلاقة بين تيار الطور، وموقع الدوار هي علاقة غير خطية. لذلك فان  الضجيج، الاضطرابات، وعزم القصور الذاتي  عند  التحميل يمكن أن يكون لها جميعا تأثير سلبي على أداء المحرك المعاوقي المفتاحي. في هذه الدراسة تم تطوير وحدة التحكم الانزلاقي. وقد استخدم وحدة التحكم الانزلاقي في تنظيم السرع على مدى واسع  بما في ذلك المحرك المعاوقي المفتاحي في السرع العالية والسرع الواطئة وتقارن هذه الدراسة وحدة التحكم الانزلاقي مع وحدة التحكم التناسبي المتكامل التفاضلي في المحرك المعاوقي المفتاحي ذو 4/6 اقطاب باستعمال  الطرق الامثل للتحكم . ومقارنة  سرعة الجزء الدوار مع السرعة المضبوطة .فان وحدة التحكم الانزلاقي المتسارع هو الافضل من حيث الاداء والمتانة في  تطبيق السيارات الكهربائية  تبعا لنظام السيمولنك المستخدم Switched reluctance motors (SRM) are used to produce a lot of torque when they are operating at high magnetic saturation. Due to the high magnetic saturation, the relationship between phase current, rotor position, and the flux linkage of SRM is nonlinear. Noise, disturbances, and inertia of load torque can all have a negative impact on the SRM driver system's speed controller performance. In this study, the SRM driver system's sliding mode controller was developed .The sliding mode controller( SMC) speed controller was used to regulate speeds of the SRM throughout a wide range speeds, including high and low speeds. This study compares (SMC) with a modified reaching law and a Proportional Integral Divertive Control (PID) controller for a 6/4 pole SRM using an optimization technique for switching controllers. Furthermore, the rotor speed was simulated and compared to the reference speed. The Exponential Sliding Mode Controller (ExpSMC) is the best in terms of performance and robustness for an electric vehicle application, depending on a simulation of an established test bench using the two controllers

Electrochemical Study of Pb(Ⅱ) in Present of Each Ascorbic Acid, Glucose, Urea and Uric Acid Using Blood Medium as an Electrolyte

Electrochemical of redox current peaks of lead sulphate PbSO4 was studied in blood medium in present of different reagents such as ascorbic acid (AA), glucose, urea, and uric acid using cyclic voltammetric technique at glassy carbon electrode (GCE). It was found that Pb(Ⅱ) ions in aqueous electrolyte (0.1 M KCl) have oxidation current peak at -540 mV and reduction current peak at -600 mV. But, it was different electrochemical properties of the redox current peaks of Pb(Ⅱ) ions in blood medium, the reduction current peak was disappearing and the oxidation current peak was enhanced. Also, in the different reagents (glucose, AA, urea and uric acid) causes an enhancement of the oxidation current peak and reducing of the reduction current peak or disappearing. It means that the reagents (glucose, AA, urea and uric acid) were oxidative effective in the blood component for the lead ions in the damage the blood cells

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population

Stoma-free Survival After Rectal Cancer Resection With Anastomotic Leakage: Development and Validation of a Prediction Model in a Large International Cohort.

Objective:To develop and validate a prediction model (STOMA score) for 1-year stoma-free survival in patients with rectal cancer (RC) with anastomotic leakage (AL).Background:AL after RC resection often results in a permanent stoma.Methods:This international retrospective cohort study (TENTACLE-Rectum) encompassed 216 participating centres and included patients who developed AL after RC surgery between 2014 and 2018. Clinically relevant predictors for 1-year stoma-free survival were included in uni and multivariable logistic regression models. The STOMA score was developed and internally validated in a cohort of patients operated between 2014 and 2017, with subsequent temporal validation in a 2018 cohort. The discriminative power and calibration of the models' performance were evaluated.Results:This study included 2499 patients with AL, 1954 in the development cohort and 545 in the validation cohort. Baseline characteristics were comparable. One-year stoma-free survival was 45.0% in the development cohort and 43.7% in the validation cohort. The following predictors were included in the STOMA score: sex, age, American Society of Anestesiologist classification, body mass index, clinical M-disease, neoadjuvant therapy, abdominal and transanal approach, primary defunctioning stoma, multivisceral resection, clinical setting in which AL was diagnosed, postoperative day of AL diagnosis, abdominal contamination, anastomotic defect circumference, bowel wall ischemia, anastomotic fistula, retraction, and reactivation leakage. The STOMA score showed good discrimination and calibration (c-index: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.66-0.76).Conclusions:The STOMA score consists of 18 clinically relevant factors and estimates the individual risk for 1-year stoma-free survival in patients with AL after RC surgery, which may improve patient counseling and give guidance when analyzing the efficacy of different treatment strategies in future studies

Stoma-free survival after anastomotic leak following rectal cancer resection: worldwide cohort of 2470 patients

Background: The optimal treatment of anastomotic leak after rectal cancer resection is unclear. This worldwide cohort study aimed to provide an overview of four treatment strategies applied. Methods: Patients from 216 centres and 45 countries with anastomotic leak after rectal cancer resection between 2014 and 2018 were included. Treatment was categorized as salvage surgery, faecal diversion with passive or active (vacuum) drainage, and no primary/secondary faecal diversion. The primary outcome was 1-year stoma-free survival. In addition, passive and active drainage were compared using propensity score matching (2: 1). Results: Of 2470 evaluable patients, 388 (16.0 per cent) underwent salvage surgery, 1524 (62.0 per cent) passive drainage, 278 (11.0 per cent) active drainage, and 280 (11.0 per cent) had no faecal diversion. One-year stoma-free survival rates were 13.7, 48.3, 48.2, and 65.4 per cent respectively. Propensity score matching resulted in 556 patients with passive and 278 with active drainage. There was no statistically significant difference between these groups in 1-year stoma-free survival (OR 0.95, 95 per cent c.i. 0.66 to 1.33), with a risk difference of -1.1 (95 per cent c.i. -9.0 to 7.0) per cent. After active drainage, more patients required secondary salvage surgery (OR 2.32, 1.49 to 3.59), prolonged hospital admission (an additional 6 (95 per cent c.i. 2 to 10) days), and ICU admission (OR 1.41, 1.02 to 1.94). Mean duration of leak healing did not differ significantly (an additional 12 (-28 to 52) days). Conclusion: Primary salvage surgery or omission of faecal diversion likely correspond to the most severe and least severe leaks respectively. In patients with diverted leaks, stoma-free survival did not differ statistically between passive and active drainage, although the increased risk of secondary salvage surgery and ICU admission suggests residual confounding