In vitro efficacy of garlic extract to control fungal pathogens of wheat

In vitro studies were carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of allicin in garlic juice on hyphal growth and spore germination of Drechslera tritici-repetis, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Septoria tritici. The purpose was to investigate the possibility of developing an organic agriculture compatible garlic/allicin-based management strategy for the wheat fungal spotting complex. Allicin in garlic juice inhibited radial colony growth of all three pathogens on agar plates. Spore germination of all three pathogens was inhibited by allicin in garlic juice in seeded agar plates and in conidial suspensions. At high concentrations of allicin (>80 µg/ml) in garlic juice and pure (synthetic) allicin, conidia lysed. The minimum inhibitory amount of pure synthetic allicin which inhibited spore germination completely ranged between 80-120 µg/ml depending on fungal species. At 10 µg/ml Allicin caused morphological abnormalities in hyphae and conidia of D. tritici-repentis and B. sorokiniana. Allicin-treated hyphae were either collapsed, damaged or thinner when compared with the control. These results suggest that use of garlic juice is a promising, effective and environmentally friendly management measure against fungal pathogens that could be used in the production of an organically grown wheat crop.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Effect of garlic extract on seed germination, seedling health, and vigour of pathogen-infested wheat

The effect of garlic extract containing bioactive allicin on the germination and subsequent seedling vigour of pathogeninfested wheat seeds, was tested. The first aim was to characterize the antifungal activities of garlic extract and pure allicin, on the most frequently occurring wheat pathogens of the Helminthosporium genus (sensu lato) in Argentina. The second aim was to characterize the antifungal activities of garlic extract and pure allicin on moulds belonging to the natural endogenous microflora. Garlic extract showed fungicidal activity on the endogenous fungal contamination of the wheat seeds and particularly reduced the degree of disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana and Drechslera tritici-repentis. Allicin in garlic juice corrected the poor germination of wheat seeds caused by natural mycoflora of grain. Growth promoting activities of garlic juice on wheat seedling vigour was reported. Interestingly, the inoculum on naturally infected wheat seeds could be reduced with garlic juice as a seed dressing biofungicide, before sowing. In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy and the high control potential of garlic extract against seed-borne wheat fungi. Such results suggest that using garlic extract can minimise the risk of infection as well as minimise the risk of chemical fungicide exposure. On the basis of these results, scale-up to field trials using garlic extract and allicin as the dressing biofungicide before sowing for disinfection of wheat seeds, seems justified as a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fungicides.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesCentro de Investigaciones de Fitopatologí

Effect of garlic extract on seed germination, seedling health, and vigour of pathogen-infested wheat

The effect of garlic extract containing bioactive allicin on the germination and subsequent seedling vigour of pathogeninfested wheat seeds, was tested. The first aim was to characterize the antifungal activities of garlic extract and pure allicin, on the most frequently occurring wheat pathogens of the Helminthosporium genus (sensu lato) in Argentina. The second aim was to characterize the antifungal activities of garlic extract and pure allicin on moulds belonging to the natural endogenous microflora. Garlic extract showed fungicidal activity on the endogenous fungal contamination of the wheat seeds and particularly reduced the degree of disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana and Drechslera tritici-repentis. Allicin in garlic juice corrected the poor germination of wheat seeds caused by natural mycoflora of grain. Growth promoting activities of garlic juice on wheat seedling vigour was reported. Interestingly, the inoculum on naturally infected wheat seeds could be reduced with garlic juice as a seed dressing biofungicide, before sowing. In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy and the high control potential of garlic extract against seed-borne wheat fungi. Such results suggest that using garlic extract can minimise the risk of infection as well as minimise the risk of chemical fungicide exposure. On the basis of these results, scale-up to field trials using garlic extract and allicin as the dressing biofungicide before sowing for disinfection of wheat seeds, seems justified as a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fungicides.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesCentro de Investigaciones de Fitopatologí

Suppression of seed-borne Alternaria arborescens and growth enhancement of wheat with biorational fungicides

Alternaria spp. are among the major fungal contaminants of wheat grain under postharvest and storage conditions, where A. arborescens was recently detected as a new member of this complex in Argentina causing black point. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of some biorational agents to control A. arborescens and their plant growth promoting of wheat. Seed treatments with spore suspensions of Trichoderma harzianum and Eppicoccum nigrum, extracts from Lippia alba and garlic, sodium bicarbonate, salicylic acid (SA), potassium chloride and dibasic sodium phosphate (SP) were applied to grains of wheat cultivar BIOINTA 1004 before their inoculation with the pathogen. After 7 days, seed germination and infection, necrotic symptoms on emerged seedlings and fresh weight were evaluated. Remarkable results were obtained with L. alba, SA and SP treatments that reduced symptoms markedly compared with the control. Interestingly, necrosis of radicles was significantly reduced by the application of all treatments tested. Moreover, fresh weight of seedlings was significantly increased with the application of the two antagonists, diluted garlic juice and the three tested salts in comparison with controls. Therefore, a positive role as growth promoters can be elucidated. It is concluded that compounds here tested have potential as ecofriendly alternatives to control seed-borne Alternaria fungi of wheat.Centro de Investigaciones en FitopatologíaFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Effect of garlic extract on seed germination, seedling health, and vigour of pathogen-infested wheat

The effect of garlic extract containing bioactive allicin on the germination and subsequent seedling vigour of pathogeninfested wheat seeds, was tested. The first aim was to characterize the antifungal activities of garlic extract and pure allicin, on the most frequently occurring wheat pathogens of the Helminthosporium genus (sensu lato) in Argentina. The second aim was to characterize the antifungal activities of garlic extract and pure allicin on moulds belonging to the natural endogenous microflora. Garlic extract showed fungicidal activity on the endogenous fungal contamination of the wheat seeds and particularly reduced the degree of disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana and Drechslera tritici-repentis. Allicin in garlic juice corrected the poor germination of wheat seeds caused by natural mycoflora of grain. Growth promoting activities of garlic juice on wheat seedling vigour was reported. Interestingly, the inoculum on naturally infected wheat seeds could be reduced with garlic juice as a seed dressing biofungicide, before sowing. In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy and the high control potential of garlic extract against seed-borne wheat fungi. Such results suggest that using garlic extract can minimise the risk of infection as well as minimise the risk of chemical fungicide exposure. On the basis of these results, scale-up to field trials using garlic extract and allicin as the dressing biofungicide before sowing for disinfection of wheat seeds, seems justified as a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fungicides.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesCentro de Investigaciones de Fitopatologí

Role of shiga toxins in cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects of escherichia coli O157:H7 during host-bacterial interactions in vitro

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains are food-borne pathogens that can cause different clinical conditions. Shiga toxin 2a and/or 2c (Stx2)-producing E. coli O157:H7 is the serotype most frequently associated with severe human disease. In this work we analyzed the hypothesis that host cells participate in Stx2 production, cell damage, and inflammation during EHEC infection. With this aim, macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells and the intestinal epithelial cell line HCT-8 were incubated with E. coli O157:H7. A time course analysis of cellular and bacterial survival, Stx2 production, stx2 transcription, and cytokine secretion were analyzed in both human cell lines. We demonstrated that macrophages are able to internalize and kill EHEC. Simultaneously, Stx2 produced by internalized bacteria played a major role in macrophage death. In contrast, HCT-8 cells were completely resistant to EHEC infection. Besides, macrophages and HCT-8 infected cells produce IL-1β and IL-8 inflammatory cytokines, respectively. At the same time, bacterial stx2-specific transcripts were detected only in macrophages after EHEC infection. The interplay between bacteria and host cells led to Stx production, triggering of inflammatory response and cell damage, all of which could contribute to a severe outcome after EHEC infections.Fil: Bruballa, Andrea Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Shiromizu, Carolina Maiumi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Bernal, Alan Mauro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Pineda, Gonzalo Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Sabbione, Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Trevani, Analía Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Bentancor, Leticia Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; ArgentinaFil: Oyuela Ramos, María Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Brando, Romina Jimena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Muñoz, Manuel Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; ArgentinaFil: Palermo, Marina Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Dinámica de las tipologías de los productores agropecuarios en el Valle Medio de Río Negro y su zona de influencia

La zona del Valle Medio del Río Negro se caracteriza por las fluctuaciones de las producciones frutícolas y ganaderas que afectan la economía de la región. Debido a que el desempeño y las decisiones de los productores agropecuarios se reflejan en el desarrollo social y la calidad de vida de la comunidad, es importante conocer las características de sus sistemas ganaderos. Los productores tienen distintos objetivos y cuentan con diferentes capitales. Gutman (1988) afirma que los productores rurales difieren entre sí y presentan un heterogéneo universo de situaciones. Para entender el funcionamiento productivo de una zona es necesario describir y agrupar a los productores en conjuntos con características similares que permitan una mejor comprensión de las lógicas de sus decisiones.EEA Alto ValleFil: Klich, María Guadalupe. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Alto Valle-Valle Medio; ArgentinaFil: Peralta, Paola Fernanda. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Alto Valle-Valle Medio; ArgentinaFil: Favere, Verónica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle. Agencia de Extensión Rural Valle Medio; ArgentinaFil: Costera, Adrián. ISTOM. Escuela de Agrodesarrollo; FranciaFil: Leuret, Camille. ISTOM. Escuela de Agrodesarrollo; FranciaFil: Lucero, Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Alto Valle-Valle Medio; ArgentinaFil: Neira, Diego. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Alto Valle-Valle Medio; ArgentinaFil: Dipp, Shadi. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Alto Valle-Valle Medio; ArgentinaFil: Alan, Analía. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Alto Valle-Valle Medio; Argentin

Ajuste por inflación contable. Efectos observados por su reanudación en 2018

En el escenario económico argentino durante las últimas décadas, emerge la inflación persistente como un factor preponderante por su incidencia en la elaboración de los informes contables destinados a terceros. En estudios anteriores se lograron identificar ciertos efectos en las mediciones del patrimonio y sus resultados producidos por la elaboración de estados contables en moneda nominal con relación a los que se hubieran determinado de haberse aplicado moneda homogénea. Se observó que los activos medidos al costo estaban subvaluados respecto de los valores de mercado; que el capital a mantener sin ajustar afectó la determinación del resultado del ejercicio, dependiendo de la combinación de los activos y pasivos monetarios que se mantenían dentro de la estructura patrimonial y las decisiones tomadas en función del mismo. En consecuencia, los informes contables se apartaron de la realidad que debían reflejar, para resultar útiles a usuarios desde la descontinuación del método de ajuste integral en el año 2003. Con su reanudación, la información contable revelada logró mayor aproximación a la realidad, al presentar la totalidad de sus elementos en moneda homogénea de cierre y permitir la determinación del RECPAM.Sobre la base del relevamiento en casos particulares, al contrastar los efectos producidos del mencionado ajuste en su primer ejercicio de aplicación para balances cerrados a partir del 31 de diciembre de 2018 se lograron obtener conclusiones que confirman las hipótesis teóricas planteadas en estudios anteriores. Así se observó que entidades con activos principalmente fijos y financiamiento preponderantemente de terceros, revirtieron un resultado nominal deficitario a uno superavitario en moneda homogénea. Lo contrario se observó en empresas con una baja cuantía de activos fijos y bajo endeudamiento. De allí sus implicancias en la distribución de resultados y determinación de impuestos.In the Argentine economic scenario during the last decades, persistent inflation emerges as a preponderant factor due to its incidence in the preparation of accounting reports destined for third parties. In previous studies it was possible to identify certain effects on the measurements of equity and its results produced by the preparation of financial statements in nominal currency in relation to those that would have been determined if the homogeneous currency had been applied. Assets measured at cost were found to be undervalued relative to market values; that the unadjusted capital to be maintained affected the determination of the result for the year, depending on the combination of monetary assets and liabilities that were maintained within the equity structure and the decisions made based on it. Consequently, the accounting reports departed from the reality that they should reflect, to be useful to users since the discontinuation of the comprehensive adjustment method in 2003. With its resumption, the disclosed accounting information achieved a greater approximation to reality, by presenting all of its elements in homogeneous closing currency and allow the determination of the RECPAM. Based on the survey in particular cases, when contrasting the effects produced by the aforementioned adjustment in its first year of application for balances closed as of December 31, 2018, conclusions were obtained that confirm the theoretical hypotheses raised in previous studies. Thus, it was observed that entities with mainly fixed assets and financing mainly from third parties reverted a deficit nominal result to a surplus in homogeneous currency. The opposite was observed in companies with a low amount of fixed assets and low indebtedness. Hence its implications in the distribution of results and determination of taxes

In vitro efficiacy of garlic extract to control fungal pathogens of wheat

In vitro studies were carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of allicin in garlic juice on hyphal growth and spore germination of Drechslera tritici-repetis, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Septoria tritici. The purpose was to investigate the possibility of developing an organic agriculture compatible garlic/allicin-based management strategy for the wheat fungal spotting complex. Allicin in garlic juice inhibited radial colony growth of all three pathogens on agar plates. Spore germination of all three pathogens was inhibited by allicin in garlic juice in seeded agar plates and in conidial suspensions. At high concentrations of allicin (>80 µg/ml) in garlic juice and pure (synthetic) allicin, conidia lysed. The minimum inhibitory amount of pure synthetic allicin which inhibited spore germination completely ranged between ~80-120 µg/ml depending on fungal species. At 10 µg/ml Allicin caused morphological abnormalities in hyphae and conidia of D. tritici-repentis and B. sorokiniana. Allicin-treated hyphae were either collapsed, damaged or thinner when compared with the control. These results suggest that use of garlic juice is a promising, effective and environmentally friendly management measure against fungal pathogens that could be used in the production of an organically grown wheat crop.Fil: Perello, Analia Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología; ArgentinaFil: Noll, Ulrike. Rwth Aachen University; AlemaniaFil: Slusarenko, Alan J.. Rwth Aachen University; Alemani

Marked bleeding diathesis in patients with platelet dysfunction due to a novel mutation in RASGRP2, encoding CalDAG-GEFI (p.Gly305Asp)

Congenital platelet function disorders are often the result of defects in critical signal transduction pathways required for platelet adhesion and clot formation. Mutations affecting RASGRP2, the gene encoding the Rap GTPase activator, CalDAG-GEFI, give rise to a novel, and rare, group of platelet signal transduction abnormalities. We here report platelet function studies for two brothers (P1 and P2) expressing a novel variant of RASGRP2, CalDAG-GEFI(p.Gly305Asp). P1 and P2 have a lifelong history of bleeding with severe epistaxis successfully treated with platelet transfusions or rFVIIa. Other bleedings include extended hemorrhage from minor wounds. Platelet counts and plasma coagulation were normal, as was αIIbβ3 and GPIb expression on the platelet surface. Aggregation of patients’ platelets was significantly impaired in response to select agonists including ADP, epinephrine, collagen, and calcium ionophore A23187. Integrin αIIbβ3 activation and granule release were also impaired. CalDAG-GEFI protein expression was markedly reduced but not absent. Homology modeling places the Gly305Asp substitution at the GEF-Rap1 interface, suggesting that the mutant protein has very limited catalytic activity. In summary, we here describe a novel mutation in RASGRP2 that affects both expression and function of CalDAG-GEFI and that causes impaired platelet adhesive function and significant bleeding in humans.Fil: Bermejo, Emilse. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Alberto, Maria Fabiana. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Paul, David S.. University of North Carolina; Estados UnidosFil: Cook, Aaron A.. University of North Carolina; Estados UnidosFil: Nurden, Paquita. Hôpital Xavier Arnozan; FranciaFil: Sánchez Luceros, Analía Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Nurden, Alan T.. Hôpital Xavier Arnozan; FranciaFil: Bergmeier, Wolfgang. University of North Carolina; Estados Unido