Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcus Aureus from Raw Milk in Different Places of Savar, Bangladesh

Milk and its derivates are considered vehicles of Staphylococcucs aureus infection in human. S.aureus commonly found on the skin and hair as well as in the noses and throats of people and animals. The bacteria are present in up to 25 percent of healthy people and are even more common among those with skin, eye, nose, or throat infection. S. aureus can cause food poisoning when a food handler contaminates food and then the food is not properly stored. Other sources of food contamination include the equipment and surfaces on which food is prepared .These bacteria multiply quickly at room temperature to produce a toxin that causes illness. S.aureus is killed by cooking and pasteurization. Present study was carried out from  June 2017 to November 2018 .The aim this investigation was to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from  raw cow milk obtained from different parts of Savar, Ashulia, Dhamrai area distract of Dhaka,  Bangladesh. A total of 45 milk samples were collected. Milk samples were subjected to bacteriological and biochemical tests. All the characterized isolates were    subjected to determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern by disc diffusion method testing such as and using bacteriological and biochemical schemes, 31 out of 45 sample (69%) isolates were identified as S .aureus from 45 samples. All  the isolates showed growth  on MSA and MHA agar. According  to antibiogram results  of  antibiotic  sensitivity of S.aureus,  percentages of sensitivity was observed against different group of antibiotics as follows:     chloramphenicol (93%, Gentamycin(93%), Vancomycin (89%), Streptomycin(89%)  Ciprofloxacin(64%),Tetracycillin(71%), Oxcillin (57%) Sulfamethoxazole (50%), All of the   isolates  were  found  to  be     resistant  against  Penicillin (100%) and Azithromycin 100%) . Isolated S.aureus showed  the resistance  pattern to  broad spectrum antibiotic. Some people who have tendency to drink without cooking milk and raw milk products, there is high risk of S. aureus infection in human health

Hydrochemistry, water quality and land use signatures in an ephemeral tidal river : implications in water management in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh

Despite its complexity and importance in managing water resources in populous deltas, especially in tidal areas, literatures on tidal rivers and their land use linkage in connection to water quality and pollution are rare. Such information is of prior need for Integrated Water Resource Management in water scarce and climate change vulnerable regions, such as the southwestern coast of Bangladesh. Using water quality indices and multivariate analysis, we present here the land use signatures of a dying tidal river due to anthropogenic perturbation. Correlation matrix, hierarchical cluster analysis, factor analysis, and bio-geo-chemical fingerprints were used to quantify the hydro-chemical and anthropogenic processes and identify factors influencing the ionic concentrations. The results show remarkable spatial and temporal variations (p <0.05) in water quality parameters. The lowest solute concentrations are observed at the mid reach of the stream where the agricultural and urban wastewater mix. Agricultural sites show higher concentration of DO, Na+ and K+ reflecting the effects of tidal spill-over and shrimp wastewater effluents nearby. Higher level of Salinity, EC, Cl-, HCO3 (-), NO3 (-), PO4 (3-) and TSS characterize the urban sites indicating a signature of land use dominated by direct discharge of household organic waste into the waters. The spatial variation in overall water quality suggests a periodic enhancement of quality especially for irrigation and non-drinking purposes during monsoon and post-monsoon, indicating significant influence of amount of rainfall in the basin. We recommend that, given the recent trend of increasing precipitation and ground water table decrease, such dying tidal river basins may serve as excellent surface water reservoir to supplement quality water supply to the region.Peer reviewe

Detection, Quantification and Classification of Ripened Tomatoes: A Comparative Analysis of Image Processing and Machine Learning

In this paper, specifically for detection of ripe/unripe tomatoes with/without defects in the crop field, two distinct methods are described and compared. One is a machine learning approach, known as ‘Cascaded Object Detector’ and the other is a composition of traditional customized methods, individually known as ‘Colour Transformation’, ‘Colour Segmentation’ and ‘Circular Hough Transformation’. The (Viola Jones) Cascaded Object Detector generates ‘histogram of oriented gradient’ (HOG) features to detect tomatoes. For ripeness checking, the RGB mean is calculated with a set of rules. However, for traditional methods, color thresholding is applied to detect tomatoes either from a natural or solid background and RGB colour is adjusted to identify ripened tomatoes. In this work, Colour Segmentation is applied in the detection of tomatoes with defects, which has not previously been applied under machine learning techniques. The function modules of this algorithm are fed formatted images, captured by a camera mounted on a mobile robot. This robot was designed, built and operated in a tomato field to identify and quantify both green and ripened tomatoes as well as to detect damaged/blemished ones. This algorithm is shown to be optimally feasible for any micro-controller based miniature electronic devices in terms of its run time complexity of O(n3) for traditional method in best and average cases. Comparisons show that the accuracy of the machine learning method is 95%, better than that of the Colour Segmentation Method using MATLAB. This result is potentially significant for farmers in crop fields to identify the condition of tomatoes quickly

Residual effect of imidazolinone herbicide used in Clearfield© rice on non-clearfield rice

A pot experiment was conducted in the glasshouse at Field 2, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor to study the residual effect of imidazolinone herbicide used in Clearfield® rice which is resistant to imidazolinone on non-Clearfield rice. The experiment comprising of two factorials and was laid out in Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Treatments included six cultivated rice varieties, namely MR219, MR220, MR253, MR263, MR269 and MR220CL2 and six different time of combinations such as 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 weeks of direct seeding after imidazolinone herbicide application and control (no imidazolinone herbicide application). Before direct seeding of rice, all pots were sprayed with imidazolinone according to the treatments (0.22 kgOnDuty™ WG Herbicide/ha). Imidazolinone herbicide application stunted rice emergence and growth for non-clearfield rice. Imidazolinone herbicide had significant effect on emergence and growth of non-Clearfield rice compared to control (untreated) except Clearfield® rice (MR220CL2) because it is already tolerant to imidazolinone herbicide. Applied herbicide significantly reduced the percentage of the germination, dry weight of shoot and root and number of tillers of non-Clearfield rice. Non-Clearfield rice showed chlorosis and necrotic symptom on leaves and finally died. Imidazolinone herbicide also had residual effect in soil even though 18 weeks after application. This is very harmful not only for environment but also for the biodiversity of all beneficial organisms

On some properties of doughnut graphs

The class of doughnut graphs is a subclass of 5-connected planar graphs. It is known that a doughnut graph admits a straight-line grid drawing with linear area, the outerplanarity of a doughnut graph is 3, and a doughnut graph is k-partitionable. In this paper we show that a doughnut graph exhibits a recursive structure. We also give an efficient algorithm for finding a shortest path between any pair of vertices in a doughnut graph. We also propose a nice application of a doughnut graph based on its properties

Short duration rainfall estimation of Sylhet: IMD and USWB method

Bangladesh has scarcity of short duration rainfall data. An attempt has been undertaken to estimate short duration rainfall of Sylhet city using daily rainfall data of period 1970-2002. 1-hour maximum rainfalls have been estimated from the yearly 24-hour maximum data using Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) empirical reduction formula. USWB depth duration ratios have been used to estimate 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min and 120 min rainfall depths. Extreme Value Type-I distribution has been used for analysis of 1-hour maximum rainfall. It has been found that IMD formula can be effectively used in Sylhet city

Comparative study of treatability of atrazine using treated and untreated wood charcoal

Removal of atrazine from aqueous phase was attempted in the range of 0–10 mg/l using various methods viz. adsorption by both treated and untreated wood charcoal. Atrazine was analyzed using gas chromatograph with OV-17 poropak stainless steel column. Although activated carbon is the major abatement methodology for many pesticides, treated wood charcoal showed higher removal efficiency than that of untreated wood charcoal. At pH 6.0, treated wood charcoal shows more than 90% removal efficiency

Management of butachlor bearing water by waste tyre rubber granules

Scarcity of drinking water is one of the major problems in Bangladesh. Use of waste tyre rubber granules as a filter media has been identified to treat butachlor-bearing water. Waste tyre rubber granules have been used in a fixed bed column reactor. The experiment has been conducted with 2 mg/l of initial butachlor concentrations for bed depth of 25 cm. It has been found that 1 gm of waste tyre rubber granules can purify 0.021 liter of distilled water and 0.018 liter of tap water having 2 mg/l of butachlor. Experimental data has been found to have a better correlation with BET isotherm based theoretical breakthrough curves. Service time obtained from BDST approach and experimental breakthrough curves are found to very close. Efficiency of the system has been found 80% and 73% based on contact approach and adsorbent usage approach, respectively

A Low-Profile Wideband Antenna for WWAN/LTE Applications

In this paper, a low-profile antenna is presented for wideband communication applications. The presented design consists of an I-shaped driven strip and a rectangular ground strip with an open slot in the middle and a steeped lower portion. The measured results demonstrate that the achieved operating band of the proposed antenna has the potential to cover Globalstar satellite phones (GSSP) (1.61&ndash;1.63 GHz, uplink), advanced wireless systems (1.71&ndash;1.76 GHz, 2.11&ndash;2.17 GHz), DCS (1710&ndash;1880 MHz), GSM (1800MHz), DCP (1.88&ndash;1.90 GHz), DCS-1900/PCS/PHS (1850&ndash;1990MHz), WCDMA/IMT-2000 (1920&ndash;2170MHz), UMTS (1920&ndash;2170 MHz) and long-term evolution (LTE) bands (FDD LTE bands 1&ndash;4, 9&ndash;10, 15&ndash;16, 23&ndash;25, 33&ndash;37, 39). The designed antenna possessed a very small size of 0.35&lambda;0 &times; 0.027&lambda;0 at the lowest frequency (S11 &le; &minus;10dB), achieved good gains and exhibited stable radiation patterns, which makes it suitable for handheld communication devices