Typologie morpho-génétique des marelles du marais littoral de la baie de Kangiqsualujjuaq, estuaire du George, Québec nordique

Des marées d'un très grand marnage (12 m aux vives-eaux) caractérisent l'estuaire du George. Dans la partie supérieure des marais littoraux, la faible fréquence des submersions et l'importance des surfaces à découvert permettent la croissance de gel intertidal sous forme de buttes de pergélisol et de gel saisonnier épais. Sur le marais littoral de la baie de Kangiqsualujjuaq, la dynamique du gel intertidal, l'activité glacielle et l'action sédimentaire des vagues, de la marée et de l'eau de ruissellement sont responsables de la formation et du développement de plus de 170 marelles littorales. On peut distinguer 10 types de marelles se répartissant selon le gradient inondation sur le marais, qui se divise topographiquement en marais inférieur, en marais supérieur sans gel intertidal et en marais supérieur avec gel intertidal. Les marelles créées par l'action du gel se trouvent dans les parties les plus hautes du marais qui sont protégées de l'action des vagues et des glaces flottantes. Les marelles produites par la dynamique sédimentaire de la baie se situent dans les secteurs exposés aux agents littoraux, surtout dans l'axe de l'ouverture de la baie sur l'estuaire. Le régime de température et de salinité des marelles dépend de facteurs externes, comme la fréquence de submersion par la marée ou les précipitations, mais également de facteurs internes, comme la situation topographique et la morphologie des bassins.Very large spring tides with a range of 12 m characterize the George River Estuary. In the upper marsh, unfrequent tidal covering and significant unsheltered areas permit the development of small mounds and heaved marsh surfaces. In the Kangiqsualujjuaq salt marsh, processes related to intertidal ground frost, shore-ice processes and sedimentological processes due to waves, tidal currents and overland flow are responsible of the existence of 170 pans. Ten types of pans are defined. They are distributed along the intertidal topographical gradient including three zones : lower marsh, upper marsh without frost and upper marsh underlain by permafrost. Pans formed by processes related to permafrost are located at the highest parts on the intertidal zone in areas sheltered from waves and ice drifting. Pans originating from hydraulic and sedimentological processes are concentrated in exposed sites that lie opposite of the opening of the bay. Temperature and salinity regimes of the pans depend on the frequency of tidal submersions and precipitations, as well as on topographic situation and basin morphology.Gezeiten mit sehr hoher Fluthôhe (12 m Springtiden) charakterisieren die Mundung des George-Flusses. Im oberen Teil der Kusten-Moraste ermoglichen die geringe Ùberschwemmungs-frequenz und erhebliche ungeschutzte Oberflachen die Zunahme von Gezeitenfrost in Form von Dauerfrost-Hugeln und von dichtem, saisonbedingtem Frost. Auf dem Kiisten-Morast der Bucht von Kangiqsualujjuaq sind die Dynamik des Frosts zwischen den Gezeiten, die Frost-Aktivitàt und die sedimentologische Wirkung der Wellen, der Gezeiten und des rieselnden Wassers verantwortlich fur die Bildung und Entwicklung von mehr als 170 kleinen Kusten-Pfuhlen. Man kann 10 Typen von kleinen Pfuhlen unterscheiden, die sich entsprechend dem Ùberschwemmungsgefàlle ùber den Morast verteilen, welcher sich topographisch in unteren Morast, hôheren Morast ohne Zwischengezeitenfrost und hôheren Morast mit Zwischengezeitenfrost teilt. Die kleinen, durch Frostwirkung geformten Pfùhle befinden sich in den hôchsten Teilen des Morasts, die vom Einflup der Wellen und des Treibeises geschùtzt sind. Die durch die Sediment-Dynamik der Bucht geschaffenen kleinen Pfùhle befinden sich in den Abschnitten, die den Einflussen der Kuste ausgesetzt sind, vor allem in der Achse der Ôffnung der Bucht auf die Flufi-Mundung. Das System der Temperatur und des Salzgehalts der kleinen Pfùhle hàngt von âuperen Faktoren ab, wie die Hàufigkeit der Uberschwemmung durch die Flut oder die Niederschlàge, aber auch von inneren Faktoren, wie die topographische Lage und die Morphologie der Becken

Le Quaternaire de la côte sud-est de la baie d’Ungava, Québec nordique

La région étudiée s'étend de part et d'autre de l'estuaire du fleuve George et le long du littoral de la baie d'Ungava jusqu'au fjord Weymouth. On y a mesuré trois mouvements glaciaires: 1) les trains de broutures et des stries à un site situé sur une berge rocheuse du George témoignent d'un ancien mouvement glaciaire datant d'avant le Wisconsinien supérieur et orienté vers 280°, en provenance des monts Torngat; 2) les marques et les formes glaciaires dessinent un mouvement tournant, passant de 330e en amont de l'estuaire du George à 010e à son embouchure et 3) un dernier écoulement glaciaire, superposé au précédent, qui, décalé, passe de 350° au sud à 030° au nord. Le dernier écoulement glaciaire provenant du sud-est, soit des hauteurs le long de la frontière du Labrador, résulte d'un changement de dynamique glaciaire précédant de peu la déglaciation. Toutes les stries et les roches moutonnées observées le long de la côte est de la baie d'Ungava datent du dernier écoulement glaciaire en provenance des monts Torngat. De nombreux chenaux marginaux entaillés dans les tills des vallées lacustres du plateau témoignent d'une fonte glaciaire par attrition sur place. La limite de la Mer d'Iberville, à 100 m d'altitude, suit un plan horizontal d'amont en aval de l'estuaire, par suite de la déglaciation plutôt rapide du cours inférieur du George. Ce niveau marin maximal s'abaisse toutefois vers le nord-est, le long de la côte est de ia baie, probablement en raison de la présence de masses de glace moins importantes sur la péninsule du Labrador au Wisconsinien supérieur. La plus vieille datation au 14C, de 7380 ± 90 (UL-358), permet d'envisager, avec les données existantes sur la rive ouest de la baie, que la déglaciation a été à peu près simultanée tout le long des côtes de la baie d'Ungava. Quinze datations au 14C ont servi à bâtir une courbe de relèvement isostatique qui montre un tauxd'émersion de l'ordre de 4,5 m/siècle entre la déglaciation et 5800 BP, une inflexion à cette date et un taux très ralenti d'environ 0,5 m/siècle depuis,The study area extends on both sides of the George River Estuary and along the Ungava Bay coast as far as Weymouth Inlet. Three ice flow directions have been measured: 1) striations, crescentic gouges and crescentic fractures on one site on the rocky shore of George River indicate an ancient ice flow (probably older than the Late Wisconsinan) direction toward 280°, most probably originating from the Torngat Mountains: 2) striations, grooves, fluted tills and drumlins draw a broad curve, imaging a flow towards 330° in the upstream region that rotated to 010° at the river mouth ; and 3) a last flow pattern is superimposed over the preceding one with a 20° angular shift, thus turning from 350° in the south to 030° in the north. The very last ice flow originated from the southeast, i.e. from the highlands along the Labrador-Québec border. All striations and roches moutonnées surveyed along the eastern coast of Ungava Bay were made by the last ice flow originating from the Torngat Mountains. Numerous ice marginal channels in till within lake basins suggest in situ decay of the ice sheet. The 100 m high limit of d'Iberville Sea has a horizontal plane along the George River Estuary, suggesting a rather rapid déglaciation. This highest shoreline is downtilted towards the northeast probably due to a limited ice load over the Labrador Peninsula during the Late Wisconsinan. The oldest 14C date is 7380 ± 90 BP (UL-358), from marine shells at the very base of the marine clays. It suggests, with other dates in the literature that all Ungava Bay was deglaciated simultaneously. Fifteen '4C dates are used to build a sea level curve which indicates a fast emergence rate of about 4.5 m/century from déglaciation to 5800 BP, an inflexion at that time and a much lower rate (0.5 m/century) since then.Das untersuchte Gebiet erstreckt sich beidseitig der Gezeitenmùndung des George-Flusses und das ganze Kustengebiet der Ungava-Bay entlang bis zum Fjord Weymouth. Man hat dort drei glaziale Bewegungen gemessen: 1) der Veriauf der Schube und Schrammen eines auf einem Felsufer des George-Flusses gelegenen Platzes bezeugt eine alte glaziale Bewegung von vor dem spâten Wisconsinium, die in Richtung 280° von den Torngat-Bergen ausging; 2) die glazialen Spuren und Formen zeichnen eine Drehbewegung ab, die von 330° oberhalb der Gezeitenmùndung des George zu 010° an seiner Mundung wechselte und 3) ein letztes glaziales Fliessen welches das vorige versetzt uberlagert und sich von 350° im Suden bis 030e im Norden dreht. Das letzte, vom Sudosten ausgehende glaziale Fliessen, also von den Hôhen entlang der Grenze von Labrador, wurde durch einen Wechsel der glazialen Dynamik kurz vor der Enteisung hervorgerufen. AIIe entlang der Ostkuste der Ungava-Bay beobachteten Schrammen und Schâfchenfelsen stammen aus der Zeit des letzten glazialen Fliessens von den Torngat-Bergen. Zahlreiche Randkanâle, welche in die Tills der Seentàler des Plateaus eingeschnitten sind. bezeugen ein glaziales Schmelzen durch Zerreibung vor Oil. Die Grenze des Meers von Iberville in 100m Hôhe folgt einer Horizontalebene oberhalb und unterhalb der Gezeitenmùndung infolge der eher schnellen Enteisung des unterlaufs des George. Dieses maximale marine Niveau senkt sich indessen nach Nordosten entlang der Ostkuste der Bay. Die âlteste 14C-Datierung von 7380 ± 90 (UL-358) fuhrtzusammen mit den vorhandenen Daten am Westufer der Bay zu der Annahme, dass die Enteisung entlang der Kùste der Ungava-Bay etwa gleichzeitig stattgefunden hat. Mit funfzehn 14C-Datierungen wurde eine Kurve der isostatischen Hebung erstellt, die einen Auftauchgrad der Grosse 4,5m/Jh. zeigt zwischen der Enteisung und 5800 v.u.Z., eine Biegung zu diesem Zeitpunkt und seitdem eine Verlangsamung von ungefàhr 0,5m/Jh

Suicide and no axis I psychopathology

BACKGROUND: It is unclear why approximately 10% of suicide completers seem to be psychiatrically normal. To better understand this issue, we studied suicide completers without an axis I diagnosis and compared them, on measures of psychopathology other than axis I, to normal controls and suicide cases with axis I psychopathology. METHODS: 168 suicide cases were examined by way of a psychological autopsy with the best possible informant. Sixteen cases did not meet criteria for an axis I diagnosis; each of these cases was then age and gender matched to 52 suicide completers with an axis I disorder and 110 normal controls. RESULTS: Fourteen of sixteen suicide cases without an axis I diagnosis had detectable abnormalities that were more similar to the axis I diagnosed suicide group than to a living group. Both suicide groups were similar in the total number of past suicide attempts, the total number of individuals with an axis II disorder, and similar scores on measures of impulsive-aggressive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that most of the individuals who committed suicide and appeared psychiatrically normal after a psychological autopsy may probably have an underlying psychiatric process that the psychological autopsy method, as commonly carried out, failed to detect

Comparison of four skin preparation strategies to prevent catheter-related infection in intensive care unit (CLEAN trial): a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

International audienceBackgroundCatheter-related infection is the third cause of infections in intensive care units (ICU), increasing the length of stay in ICU and hospital, mortality, and costs. Skin antisepsis is one of the most prevalent preventive measures. In this respect, it would appear preferable to recommend the use of alcoholic povidone iodine or chlorhexidine rather than aqueous povidone iodine. However, the data comparing chlorhexidine to povidone-iodine, both of them in alcoholic solutions, remain limited. Moreover, the benefits of enhanced cleaning prior to disinfection of skin that is not visibly soiled have yet to be confirmed in a randomized study.MethodsA prospective multicenter, 2×2 factorial, randomized-controlled, assessor-blind trial will be conducted in 11 intensive care units in six French hospitals. All adult patients aged over 18 years requiring the insertion of at least one peripheral arterial catheter and/or a non-tunneled central venous catheter and/or a hemodialysis catheter and/or an arterial pulmonary catheter will be randomly assigned to have all their catheters cared with one of four skin preparation strategies (2% chlorhexidine/70% isopropyl alcohol or 5% povidone iodine/69% ethanol with or without prior skin scrubbing). At catheter removal, catheter tips will be quantitatively cultured. Sets of aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures will be routinely obtained when a patient has fever, hypothermia, or other indications. In case of suspected catheter-related infection the patient's form will be reviewed by an independent adjudication committee. We plan to enroll 2,400 patients (4,800 catheters). The main objective is to demonstrate that use of 2% alcoholic chlorhexidine compared to 5% alcoholic povidone iodine in skin preparation lowers the rate of catheter-related infection. The second endpoint is to demonstrate that enhanced skin cleaning prior to disinfection of skin that is not visibly soiled does not reduce catheter colonization. Other outcomes include comparison of skin colonization at catheter insertion site, comparison of catheter colonization and catheter-related bacteremia taking place during implementation of the four strategies of skin preparation, and cutaneous tolerance, length of hospitalization, mortality, and costs.DiscussionThis study will help to update recommendations on the choice of an antiseptic agent to use in skin preparation prior to insertion of a vascular catheter and, by extension, of an epidural catheter and it will likewise help to update recommendations on the usefulness of skin scrubbing prior to disinfection when the skin is not visibly soiled.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov number NCT0162955

Governance traditions and narratives of public sector reform in contemporary France.

This article explores the basic traditions of governance in contemporary France and the narratives of public sector reform associated with them. It should be stressed right from the outset that this article does not aim to describe the set of public sector reforms that have been implemented in France in the last ten years or so. Instead, the aim is to demonstrate the similarities and differences between the narratives of the left and the right with regard to these reforms and to show how these narratives help to explain the types of reform that have been enacted. The basic argument is that there is a certain commonality to both the left and the right with regard to their narratives of public sector reform. At the same time, though, there are differences of emphasis both within each tradition and between the two main traditions themselves. Except where indicated, all translations are the author's own

Numerical simulations of wave breaking

This paper is devoted to the numerical simulation of wave breaking. It presents the results of a numerical workshop that was held during the conference LOMA04. The objective is to compare several mathematical models (compressible or incompressible) and associated numerical methods to compute the flow field during a wave breaking over a reef. The methods will also be compared with experiments

E-Biothon : Une plate-forme pour accélérer les recherches en biologie, santé et environnement

National audienceE-Biothon : Une plate-forme pour accélérer les recherches en biologie, santé et environnemen

Numerical simulation of wave breaking

This paper is devoted to the numerical simulation of wave breaking. It presents the results of a numerical workshop that was held during the conference LOMA04. The objective is to compare several mathematical models (compressible or incompressible) and associated numerical methods to compute the flow field during a wave breaking over a reef. The methods will also be compared with experiments

The Potential of N-Rich Plasma-Polymerized Ethylene (PPE:N) Films for Regulating the Phenotype of the Nucleus Pulposus

We recently developed a nitrogen-rich plasma-polymerized biomaterial, designated “PPE:N” (N-doped plasma-polymerized ethylene) that is capable of suppressing cellular hypertrophy while promoting type I collagen and aggrecan expression in mesenchymal stem cells from osteoarthritis patients. We then hypothesized that these surfaces would form an ideal substrate on which the nucleus pulposus (NP) phenotype would be maintained. Recent evidence using microarrays showed that in young rats, the relative mRNA levels of glypican-3 (GPC3) and pleiotrophin binding factor (PTN) were significantly higher in nucleus pulposus (NP) compared to annulus fibrosus (AF) and articular cartilage. Furthermore, vimentin (VIM) mRNA levels were higher in NP versus articular cartilage. In contrast, the levels of expression of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and matrix gla protein precursor (MGP) were lower in NP compared to articular cartilage. The objective of this study was to compare the expression profiles of these genes in NP cells from fetal bovine lumbar discs when cultured on either commercial polystyrene (PS) tissue culture dishes or on PPE:N with time. We found that the expression of these genes varies with the concentration of N ([N]). More specifically, the expression of several genes of NP was sensitive to [N], with a decrease of GPC3, VIM, PTN, and MGP in function of decreasing [N]. The expression of aggrecan, collagen type I, and collagen type II was also studied: no significant differences were observed in the cells on different surfaces with different culture time. The results support the concept that PPE:N may be a suitable scaffold for the culture of NP cells. Further studies are however necessary to better understand their effects on cellular phenotypes