Paroles de lecteurs

Après la « langue du lecteur », les contributions rassemblées dans ce nouveau volume du séminaire Approches Interdisciplinaires de la Lecture (12e session) s'interrogent sur la lecture comme performance, sur des « paroles de lecteurs ». Le pluriel semble de mise : si la parole engage un sujet, en-deçà de son discours, elle ne saurait s'abstraire de l’ensemble des déterminants, reconnus ou plus ou moins occultés, qui contribuent à en forger le tour particulier, oral ou écrit. Parmi les jeux de rôle subsumés sous la catégorie du lecteur mais socialement codés, on retrouve les fonctions de traducteur, d’éditeur, de critique ou de lecteur ordinaire, mais aussi d’auteur, fonction devenue depuis le siècle dernier hautement problématique. Acte de langage, la parole de lecteur se trouve en effet face au texte écrit confrontée au paradoxe d’un sujet-auteur absent, absenté, hypothèse devenue inutile depuis la proclamation de la « disparition élocutoire du poète ». Dès lors faut-il n’admettre que des paroles de lecteurs et faire l’économie d’une « parole d’auteur », renvoyée au néant de son insignifiance ou de son éloignement irrémédiable, de sa mort symbolique ? Doit-on au contraire, sous le signe de la parole, rendue au jeu interlocutif et au processus langagier de contre-interpellation, faire une place dans la pensée littéraire, à « l’incompréhensible pluralité des individus dans l’espèce »

Chemical Analysis of Cellular and Extracellular Carbohydrates of a Biofilm-Forming Strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen, which causes persisting life-threatening infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Biofilm mode of growth facilitates its survival in a variety of environments. Most P. aeruginosa isolates, including the non-mucoid laboratory strain PA14, are able to form a thick pellicle, which results in a surface-associated biofilm at the air-liquid (A\ufffdL) interface in standing liquid cultures. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are considered as key components in the formation of this biofilm pellicle. In the non-mucoid P. aeruginosa strain PA14, the \ufffd\ufffdscaffolding\ufffd\ufffd polysaccharides of the biofilm matrix, and the molecules responsible for the structural integrity of rigid A\ufffdL biofilm have not been identified. Moreover, the role of LPS in this process is unclear, and the chemical structure of the LPS O-antigen of PA14 has not yet been elucidated. Principal Findings: In the present work we carried out a systematic analysis of cellular and extracellular (EC) carbohydrates of P. aeruginosa PA14. We also elucidated the chemical structure of the LPS O-antigen by chemical methods and 2-D NMR spectroscopy. Our results showed that it is composed of linear trisaccharide repeating units, identical to those described for P. aeruginosa Lanyi type O:2a,c (Lanyi-Bergman O-serogroup 10a, 10c; IATS serotype 19) and having the following structure: -4)-a-L-GalNAcA-(1\ufffd3)-a-D-QuiNAc-(1\ufffd3)- a-L-Rha-(1-. Furthermore, an EC O-antigen polysaccharide (EC O-PS) and the glycerol-phosphorylated cyclic b-(1,3)-glucans were identified in the culture supernatant of PA14, grown statically in minimal medium. Finally, the extracellular matrix of the thick biofilm formed at the A-L interface contained, in addition to eDNA, important quantities (at least ,20% of dry weight) of LPS-like material. Conclusions: We characterized the chemical structure of the LPS O-antigen and showed that the O-antigen polysaccharide is an abundant extracellular carbohydrate of PA14. We present evidence that LPS-like material is found as a component of a biofilm matrix of P. aeruginosa.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye

Implication du médecin traitant dans le suivi de grossesse (enquête dans le département de la Vienne)

POITIERS-BU Médecine pharmacie (861942103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Chronic exposure to soil salinity in terrestrial species: Does plasticity and underlying physiology differ among specialized ground-dwelling spiders?

International audienceIn salt marshes, the alternation of low and high tides entails rapid shifts of submersion and aerial exposure for terrestrial communities. In these intertidal environments, terrestrial species have to deal with an osmotic loss in body water content and an increase in sodium chloride concentration when salt load increases. In salt marshes, spiders represent an abundant arthropod group, whose physiological ecology in response to variations of soil salinity must be further investigated. In this study, we compared the effect of salinity on the survival and physiology of three species of Lycosidae; two salt marsh species (Arctosa fulvolineata and Pardosa purbeckensis) and one forest species (P. saltans). Spiders were individually exposed at three salinity conditions (0‰, 35‰ and 70‰) and survival, changes in body water content, hemolymph ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+; ICP-MS technique) and metabolites (mainly amino acids, polyols, sugars; LC and GC techniques) were assessed. The survival of the forest species P. saltans was very quickly hampered at moderate and high salinities. In this spider, variations of hemolymph ions and metabolites revealed a quick loss of physiological homeostasis and a rapid salt-induced dehydration of the specimens. Conversely, high survival durations were measured in the two salt-marsh spiders, and more particularly in A. fulvolineata. In both P. purbeckensis and A. fulvolineata, the proportion of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ remained constant at the three experimental conditions. Accumulation of hemolymph Na+ and amino acids (mainly glutamine and proline) demonstrated stronger osmoregulatory capacities in these salt-marsh resident spiders. To conclude, even if phylogenetically close (belonging to the same, monophyletic, family), we found different physiological capacities to cope with salt load among the three tested spider species. Nevertheless, physiological responses to salinity were highly consistent with the realized ecological niches of the spiders. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

Lipoproteins of Enterococcus faecalis: bioinformatic identification, expression analysis and relation to virulence.

International audienceEnterococcus faecalis is a ubiquitous bacterium that is capable of surviving in a broad range of natural environments, including the human host, as either a natural commensal or an opportunistic pathogen involved in severe hospital-acquired infections. How such opportunistic pathogens cause fatal infections is largely unknown but it is likely that they are equipped with sophisticated systems to perceive external signals and interact with eukaryotic cells. Accordingly, being partially exposed at the cell exterior, some surface-associated proteins are involved in several steps of the infection process. Among them are lipoproteins, representing about 25 % of the surface-associated proteins, which could play a major role in bacterial virulence processes. This review focuses on the identification of 90 lipoprotein-encoding genes in the genome of the E. faecalis V583 clinical strain and their putative roles, and provides a transcriptional comparison of microarray data performed in environmental conditions including blood and urine. Taken together, these data suggest a potential involvement of lipoproteins in E. faecalis virulence, making them serious candidates for vaccine production

La consommation excessive d’acide linoléique altère l’axe intestin - tissu adipeux - foie chez le rat defaçon différente selon la période et le temps d’exposition

National audienceIntroduction et but de l’étude : L’accroissement de la consommation en acide linoléique (LA) est une des caractéristiques des changements alimentaires des dernières décennies dans le monde occidental. L’objectif de notre étude était d’évaluer les effets de la consommation excessive de LA sur les relations entre microbiote, intestin et métabolisme lipidique après différents temps d’exposition aux régimes. Matériel et méthodes : Des rates Wistar ont été nourries avec des régimes isocaloriques et isolipidiques (21% des apports énergétiques totaux (AET)) riche en LA (w6, 12% AET) ou non (ctl, 2% AET) pendant la gestation/lactation. Au sevrage, les ratons mâles ont reçu le même régime que leur mère ou l’autre régime et ont été sacrifiés à 3 et 6 mois. Résultats et Analyse statistique : La consommation du régime w6 après le sevrage, quel que soit le régime maternel, induisait à 3 mois une augmentation de la perméabilité caecale (p=0.01), associée à une augmentation des taux plasmatiques d’IL-1β (p=0.004) et des concentrations hépatiques en CLA T10C12 (p=0.03). Une activation du système endocannabinoïde colique (diminution de l’expression des gènes dagla, p=0.008, et faah, p=0.04, augmentation de l’expression du gène cb1 , p=0.02) était également observée. Ces modifications n’étaient pas retrouvées après 6 mois de régime puisque les animaux w6 présentaient une diminution de l’index d’adiposité (p=0.03) et de la perméabilité caecale (p=0.01), une augmentation de l’activité de la phosphatase alcaline (IAP) colique (p=0.07), une diminution de l’expression des gènes tnfα dans le côlon (p=0.03) et mcp1 dans le tissu adipeux epididymal (TAep, p=0.04) Le système endocannabinoïde n’était plus affecté par le régime w6. Les concentrations hépatiques en T10C12 et en C9T11 étaient augmentées (pConclusion : L’exposition à un régime riche en LA après le sevrage affecte le métabolisme lipidique via des modifications de l’axe intestin-tissu adipeux, dont la production de CLA, qui différent à 3 et 6 mois d’âge. L’exposition au LA via le régime maternel induit des modifications de cet axe principalement à 3 mois et aboutit à long-terme à une stéatose hépatique chez les descendants

Development of a microsphere-based immunoassay for the serological diagnosis of equine trypanosomosis

International audienceAbstract Trypanozoon infections in equids are caused by three parasite species in the Trypanozoon subgenus: Trypanosoma equiperdum , T. brucei and T. evansi. They are respectively responsible for infectious diseases dourine, nagana and surra. Due to the threat that Trypanozoon infection represents for international horse trading, accurate diagnostic tests are crucial. Current tests suffer from poor sensitivity and specificity, due in the first case to the transient presence of parasites in the blood and in the second, to antigenic cross-reactivity among Trypanozoon subspecies. This study was designed to develop a microsphere‐based immunoassay for diagnosing equine trypanosomosis. We tested beads coated with eight Trypanosoma spp. recombinant antigens: enolase, GM6, PFR1, PFR2, ISG65, VSGat, RoTat1.2 and JN2118HU. Of these, GM6 was identified as the best candidate for the serological diagnosis of Trypanozoon infections in equids. Using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis on 349 equine sera, anti-GM6 antibodies were detected with an AUC value of 0.994 offering a sensitivity of 97.9% and a specificity of 96.0%. Our findings show that the GM6 antigen is a good target for diagnosing equine trypanosomosis using a microsphere‐based immunoassay. This promising assay could be a useful alternative to the official diagnostic tool for equine trypanosomosis

Clinical experience of dabigatran and rivaroxaban in electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation

Patients scheduled for atrial fibrillation (AF) cardioversion were excluded from clinical trials of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs). We evaluated efficacy and safety of NOACs in patients undergoing electrical cardioversion for AF. We performed a monocentric study of all patients on NOACs who underwent elective electrical cardioversion for non-valvular AF between January 2012 and December 2014. We analyzed incidence of stroke and bleeding at 30 days. Fifty patients were included, 28 receiving dabigatran, 22 rivaroxaban. Mean age was 65 ± 12 years. Mean CHADS2-VA2SC and HASBLED scores were 3 ± 1.8 and 2.2 ± 1.1 respectively. Transoesophageal echocardiography was performed in 41 (79%) patients, revealing a thrombus in 2 (5%). No clinical evidence of stroke occurred in the 30 days, 1 major gastrointestinal bleeding (2%) in patient on rivaroxaban (led to premature discontinuation) and 3 minor bleedings. NOACs seem to be safe in daily practice of electrical cardioversion in our population

Quelle est la place du gastroentérologue dans la prise en charge des séquelles digestives des patients ayant un Spina Bifida ?

International audienceLe Spina Bifida est une maladie congénitale rare due à une anomalie de fermeture du tube neural. Elle génère un plurihandicap et sa prise en charge doit être pluridisciplinaire. Les troubles digestifs anorectaux rapportés le plus souvent sont la constipation et l’incontinence fécale et constituent la deuxième plainte en terme de fréquence, après les troubles urologiques. La prise en charge des séquelles digestives des patients ayant un Spina Bifida n’est pas codifiée. Le niveau lésionnel n’est pas corrélé aux plaintes digestives, ce qui nécessite une évaluation initiale précise et globale. L’évaluation du terrain et de l’importance du handicap, le recueil des plaintes, un examen clinique notamment neuropérinéal guident la prise en charge thérapeutique initiale. En cas d’échec du traitement de première ligne, la manométrie anorectale et le temps de transit colique peuvent être utiles. Le traitement repose sur les massages abdominaux, les laxatifs oraux et/ou locaux, les manoeuvres défécatoires, la rééducation et les irrigations coliques rétrogrades/antérogrades

A systematic literature review on solitary rectal ulcer syndrome is there a therapeutic consensus in 2018?

International audiencePurpose - To screen all treatments tested for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) without rectal prolapse and to assess their efficacy. Method - A systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines, focusing on the treatment of SRUS without rectal prolapse. The types of treatment and their efficacy were collected and critically assessed. Results - A selection of 20 studies among the 470 publications focusing on SRUS provided suitable data for a total of 516 patients. Only 2 studies were randomised prospective trials that focused on argon plasma treatment. The mean follow-up was 21.8 months and ranged from 0.25 to 90 months. Most of the studies focused on surgery, including rectopexy, stapled transanal rectal resection, excision of the ulcer, the Delorme procedure, proctectomy, low anterior resection, and ostomy. Populations of the studies were heterogeneous and selected outcomes were specific (failure of medical or surgical treatment). Conservative treatment (high-fibre diet, laxatives, change of defecatory habits, and biofeedback treatment) induced a symptomatic improvement in 71/91 patients (63.6%) and healing of mucosal lesion in 17/51 patients (33.3%). Surgeries (all types) improved SRUS in 77% (54-100%) of patients. Argon plasma coagulation is a promising technique but longer follow-up is necessary. Conclusions - The general quality of the studies focusing on the treatment of SRUS was poor due to the heterogeneity of the population, the sample size of the cohorts, and the heterogeneity of efficacy assessments. The therapeutic approach appears to be multimodal and multidisciplinary and validated in centres of expertise. Further studies evaluating multimodal strategies are needed