Some Bounds For The Spectral Radius Of Hadamard Product & Kronecker Product Of Matrices.

The main aim of this study was to discuss some bounds for the Spectral Radius of the Hadamard Product of matrices. This study presents several spectral radius inequalities for sums, product ( hadamard product), and comutators of matrices, and it exposes to some properties of the hadamard product and the relationship between hadamard product and kronecker product for spectral radius of matrix. Applications of these results are also given. Keywords: Spectral Radius, Hadamard product, Kronecker Produc

Iterative decoding and detection for physical layer network coding

PhD ThesisWireless networks comprising multiple relays are very common and it is important that all users are able to exchange messages via relays in the shortest possible time. A promising technique to achieve this is physical layer network coding (PNC), where the time taken to exchange messages between users is achieved by exploiting the interference at the relay due to the multiple incoming signals from the users. At the relay, the interference is demapped to a binary sequence representing the exclusive-OR of both users’ messages. The time to exchange messages is reduced because the relay broadcasts the network coded message to both users, who can then acquire the desired message by applying the exclusive-OR of their original message with the network coded message. However, although PNC can increase throughput it is at the expense of performance degradation due to errors resulting from the demapping of the interference to bits. A number of papers in the literature have investigated PNC with an iterative channel coding scheme in order to improve performance. However, in this thesis the performance of PNC is investigated for end-to-end (E2E) the three most common iterative coding schemes: turbo codes, low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and trellis bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID). It is well known that in most scenarios turbo and LDPC codes perform similarly and can achieve near-Shannon limit performance, whereas BICM-ID does not perform quite as well but has a lower complexity. However, the results in this thesis show that on a two-way relay channel (TWRC) employing PNC, LDPC codes do not perform well and BICM-ID actually outperforms them while also performing comparably with turbo codes. Also presented in this thesis is an extrinsic information transfer (ExIT) chart analysis of the iterative decoders for each coding scheme, which is used to explain this surprising result. Another problem arising from the use of PNC is the transfer of reliable information from the received signal at the relay to the destination nodes. The demapping of the interference to binary bits means that reliability information about the received signal is lost and this results in a significant degradation in performance when applying soft-decision decoding at the destination nodes. This thesis proposes the use of traditional angle modulation (frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM)) when broadcasting from the relay, where the real and imaginary parts of the complex received symbols at the relay modulate the frequency or phase of a carrier signal, while maintaining a constant envelope. This is important since the complex received values at the relay are more likely to be centred around zero and it undesirable to transmit long sequences of low values due to potential synchronisation problems at the destination nodes. Furthermore, the complex received values, obtained after angle demodulation, are used to derive more reliable log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) of the received symbols at the destination nodes and consequently improve the performance of the iterative decoders for each coding scheme compared with conventionally coded PNC. This thesis makes several important contributions: investigating the performance of different iterative channel coding schemes combined with PNC, presenting an analysis of the behaviour of different iterative decoding algorithms when PNC is employed using ExIT charts, and proposing the use of angle modulation at the relay to transfer reliable information to the destination nodes to improve the performance of the iterative decoding algorithms. The results from this thesis will also be useful for future research projects in the areas of PNC that are currently being addressed, such as synchronisation techniques and receiver design.Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

On Healing HeARTs: A Saudi Woman Perspective on the Experience of Baby Loss, Art, and Compassion

The dissertation, “On Healing HeARTs: A Saudi Woman’s Perspective on the Experience of Baby Loss,” investigates how Shia Saudi bereaved mothers create meaning and make sense of their experience of baby loss. It explores the importance of art and compassion in the healing process. Using a multi-method design that includes art-based methods and autoethnography, I narrate my own experience of baby loss. The study relies on theories of sense-making and constructivism to interpret my findings. Looking at the experience from a unique cultural lens enables the readers and health providers to comprehend how certain cultural factors contribute to both the suffering and healing process. The study expands previous research and contributes to the body of knowledge of communication studies by exploring a fundamental component of the human condition: death. Four themes emerged from the research: continuing bonds, loss as an opportunity for growth, living a new normal, and identity reconstruction. I argue that art and compassion have the potential to help women in their healing process. The project contributes to family and health communication by advocating for the importance of compassion and expressive arts to facilitate the healing process, while addressing a taboo topic: the experience of baby death and loss. The study has the potential to advance women’s health and patient-centered communication by exploring the bereavement experiences of women from the East. The project aims to challenge and change the status quo of lacking compassion through highlighting the importance of empowerment, meaning-making, connection, identity reconstruction, and emotional expression for bereaved women to bring comfort and facilitate healing. The research was funded by fellowships from the University of Denver’s Communication Department in 2020 and 2021

Performance Evaluation of a Forward Kinematic Hand Model

العديد من مجالات الحياة تستخدم الانسان الالي, وخاصية الانسان الالي متاتية من دقته. لذلك، تقدم هذه الورقة تقييم اداء ذراع الانسان وذلك من خلال الوقت المستغرق للوصول الى النقطة النهائية المطلوبة, وموقع نقطة الوصل المطلوبة ليد واحدة. حيث ان الزمن المستغرغ للذراع للوصول الى الموقع المطلوب هو تقريبا (1.4614x10-4sec)، بينما للاصبع مضافا لليد هو تقريبا(0.00019sec.)، كذالك تم حساب نسة الخطا في الموقع او في عملية الوصول الى الموقع النهائي مع مختلف نسب الخطا (0.1-1NSRP)، وجد ان نسبة الخطا هي (0-.12mm) Many fields of life has been used a robot, the specialty of the robot is coming from its accuracy. Therefore, this paper has been presented the evaluation of the robots arm performance on the one hand of consuming time and required end-position. Where, The time consuming required for the hand to reach to the desired position is taken 1.4614x10-4sec., while for finger adding to the arm is taken 0.00019sec.. Also, the error position has been evaluated with different NSPR (0.1-1) ,where the error amount are 0-12mm

Classification improvement of spoken arabic language based on radial basis function

The important task in the computer interaction is the languages recognition and classification. In the Arab world, there is a persistent need for the Arabic spoken language recognition To help those who have lost the upper parties in doing what they want through speech computer interaction. While, the Arabic automatic speech recognition (AASR) did not receive the desired attention from the researchers. In this paper, the Radial Basis Function(RBF) is used for the improvement of the Arabic spoken language letter. The recognition and classification process are based on three steps; these are; preprocessing, feature extraction and classification (Recognition). The Arabic  Language Letters  (ALL) recognition is done by using the combination between the statistical features and the Temporal Radial Basis Function for different letter situation and noisy condition. The recognition percent are from 90% - 99.375% has been gained with independent speaker, where these results are over-perform the earlier works by nearly 2.045%. The simulati.on has been made by using Matlab 2015b

Nurses Job Satisfaction in Health Care Institutions in Duhok City

Background and objectives: Nurses are one of the most important human resources working in health care institutions as they range in different levels and disciplines. They are the mainstay of modern health care institutions and a vital component in these institutions achieving their goals. Therefore, nurses' job satisfaction is an important aspect in providing quality health care. This study was conducted to determine nurses' job satisfaction in health care institutions in Duhok City. Methods: A descriptive study design was carried out to assess the nurses' job satisfaction in health care institutions of Duhok City. This study involved nurses who worked the morning shift in both primary health care centers and public hospitals in Duhok City. A total of 137 nurses were selected from 946 nurses through utilizing a non-probability (purposive) sampling method and agreed to be subject of present study. A questionnaire designed by researchers was used for data collection through review of previous related studies and the data were gathered through self-report method. This questionnaire consisted of two aspects; the first one used for gathering nurses' socio-demographic data and the second one consisted of 30 Likert scale questions with responses ranging from strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree, and scored one to four respectively. These questions were divided into 5 categories as follow: job promotion, nature of work, work policy, communication and interaction, and supervision satisfaction. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and Pearson correlation) and levels of job satisfaction were calculated through using cut off points. Results: General dissatisfaction of nurses in regards to their job promotion, nature of work, work policy, work supervision, and communication and interaction. Conclusions: Nurses working in health care institutions in Duhok City were dissatisfied in regards to the categories included in this study

Assessment of the Difference Between General Practitioners and Specialists in Antibiotic Prescription for Emergency Patients

Background:Endodontic emergencies are one of the most common emergencies that dentists face during their career. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and assess the difference between general dentists and endodontists in managing endodontic emergency cases. Also, it highlights the risk of bacterial resistance due to an inappropriate antibiotic prescription. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at King Abdul-Aziz University Dental Hospital, a self-administered survey was distributed to 521 dental patients. The response rate was 82.9% (432 out of 521). The survey, available in both paper and electronic formats, comprised 24 questions organized into three main sections: the first section collected demographic and medical history data, the second focused on the patients\u27 dental history related to emergencies, and the third detailed the treatment received during emergencies and the methods employed. A Fisher\u27s exact test was utilized to assess significant differences between general dental practitioners and endodontic specialists regarding their initial steps, reasons for treatment, swelling conditions, biting and chewing conditions, and final treatments. Data analysis involved simple descriptive statistics, including percentages, frequency distributions, pie charts, and bar graphs. Statistical significance was determined with a p-value set at ≤ 0.05. Results: The study revealed that decay was the most prevalent reason for endodontic treatment, with immediate treatment being the preferred choice among dentists. Despite the well-documented issue of endodontic treatment failure due to inadequate coronal sealing, the majority of general dentists performed root canal treatments followed by either temporary or permanent restorations. Additionally, the study found that general dentists prescribed antibiotics more frequently than endodontists. Conclusion: The study findings indicate the need to develop intervention programs targeting clinicians to enhance knowledge about prescribing antibiotics for endodontic emergencies

Serum Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen Level in Cirrhotic Chronic Hepatitis C Patients With and Without Hepatocellular Carcinoma

This study will be carried out on 500 personnel divided into five groups : Group A: 100 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma without interventions. Group B: same 100 cases of group A before and 3 months after successful interventions.Group C: 100 cases of established cirrhosis. Group D: 100 cases with chronic hepatitis C virus infection without established cirrhosis. Group E: 100 healthy individuals as controls.Methods: Sera from selected patients and controls have been used for estimation of SCC-Ag using CanAg SCC EIA. Results: high significant increase in serum SCCA level in patients with HCC (groupA and groupB) when compared to cirrhotic, chronic HCV and control groups (P < 0.001). Positive significant correlation was found between AFP and serum SCCA level .The best cut-off value to differentiate HCC patients from cirrhotic patients was 3.2 ng/ml for SCCA yielded with 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity. When combined sensitivity of both markers was calculated in our study at the best-chosen cutoff values (SCCA 3.2 ng/ml and AFP 200 ng/ml) sensitivity improved to 93%.Conclusion: Combined SCCA and AFP can be used as in diagnosis of HCC and follow up 3 months after therapeutic intervention

The effect of Cd substitution in PbS thin film on the optical properties

Abstract:Thin films of Cd‌x‌Pb‌1-x S were prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis with ( x=0.6 , 0.7 , 0.8 , 0.9 , 1 ) .The optical properties of prepared thin films were studied by UV-VIS spectrophotomer . From the measurement of absorption and transmission , the optical parameters and the optical energy gap (Eg) were calculated .The optical energy gap (Eg) was increased with increasing the value of Cd from 1.2 eV when x=0.6 to 2.4 eV when x=1 . The maximum value of refractive index (n) is equal to 2.5 and the maximum value of extinction coefficient is varied between 0.2 to 0.45 depending on the value of x . The film with x=0.7 was doped by Ag in the ratio 1% ,3% and 5% . The film after dopping have a direct energy gap also and the value of Eg were increased with increasing (Ag) ratio , these values increased from 1.2 eV for absent Ag to 1.74 eV for 5% Ag

Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Level in Acute Leukemias

Background: Acute leukemias are clonal neoplastic proliferations of immature cells of the hemopoietic system. They are divided into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL). LDH has been suggested as a possible non-specific tumor marker for many years, and total serum LDH is frequently elevated in neoplastic diseases. The aims of the study are to evaluate the significance of increased serum LDH levels in patients with acute leukemia and to determine the importance of serum LDH level in the follow up and assessment of treatment responses. Patients, Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at Baghdad Teaching Hospital in Medical City during the period of October 2003 till October 2004. It included 108 patients with acute leukemias. The patient groups were compared with 21 apparently healthy control subjects. All patients had full medical history, complete physical examination, and routine investigations and other specific investigations e.g. BM aspiration and biopsy. Serum lactate dehydrogenase LDH level was estimated in all patients serially during diagnosis and after chemotherapy as well as in control subjects. Results: Total serum LDH levels were significantly higher among patients with acute leukemias compared to that of the controls. Comparing the three types of leukemic patients, no  significant difference was observed in total serum LDH levels between AML, ALL and AUL patients. Regarding treatment, levels of total serum LDH were significantly decreased in both remitter and non-remitter patients with acute leukemia with no significant difference between them. Conclusion: Although total serum LDH is higher in all acute leukemic patients, it is hardly discriminator between subsets of acute leukemia and is of little value in the prognosis and prediction of treatment response and outcome