Chemistry of Substituted Thiazinanes and Their Derivatives

Thiazinanes and its isomeric forms represent one of the most important heterocyclic compounds, and their derivatives represented a highly potent drug in disease treatment such as, 1,1-dioxido-1,2-thiazinan-1,6-naphthyridine, which has been shown to have anti-HIV activity by a mechanism that should work as anti-AIDS treatment, while (Z)-methyl 3-(naphthalen-1-ylimino)- 2-thia-4-azaspiro[5 5]undecane-4-carbodithioate showed analgesic activity, cephradine was used as antibiotic and chlormezanone was utilized as anticoagulants. All publications were interested in the chemistry of thiazine (partially or fully unsaturated heterocyclic six-membered ring containing nitrogen and sulfur), but no one was dealing with thiazinane itself which encouraged us to shed new light on these interesting heterocycles. This review was focused on the synthetic approaches of thiazinane derivatives and their chemical reactivity

Chemistry and Biological Activities of 1,2,4-Triazolethiones—Antiviral and Anti-Infective Drugs

Mercapto-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles are very interesting compounds as they play an important role in chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects on cancer. In recent decades, literature has been enriched with sulfur- and nitrogen-containing heterocycles which are used as a basic nucleus of different heterocyclic compounds with various biological applications in medicine and also occupy a huge part of natural products. Therefore, we shed, herein, more light on the synthesis of this interesting class and its application as a biologically active moiety. They might also be suitable as antiviral and anti-infective drugs

Effectiveness of the Mentha spicata leaves in reducing testosterone levels and aggressive behaviour in female Wistar albino rats treated with testosterone propionate

High testosterone hormone levels play an important role in exhibiting aggressive behaviour and several disorders in female rodents and women. The present study aimed to determine the protective role of the alcoholic extract of Mentha spicata leaves (MSL) in the reduction of the level of testosterone and aggressive behaviour of female rats that suffer from high levels of testosterone. A total of 30 female Wistar albino rats were divided into 6 Groups. Group 1: Control rats received sesame oil(0.5 ml). Group 2: Rats injected with testosterone propionate (TP) alone. Group 3: Rats received MSL alone (100 mg/kg) orally. Groups 4, 5, and 6: Rats received TP + MSL, 6mg/rat of TP followed by 200, 400, and 600 mg/rat, respectively) for 60 days. The testosterone, dopamine, and aggressive behaviour were measured using specialized ELISA test kits. The results showed that testosterone and dopamine levels in the serum had a significant decrease (P<0.05) (4.82 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 272.83 (pg/ml) in dopamine) in animals treated with MSL only compared to Group 2, which found a significant rise (p<0.05) (16.52 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 607.59 (pg/ml) in dopamine) in the levels of testosterone and dopamine. The results exhibited a significant rise (P<0.05) in the aggressive behaviour in Group 2 of rats compared to the control and other Groups. In comparison, aggressive behaviour was significantly decreased (P<0.05) (7.40 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 263.49 (ng/ml) in dopamine)  in Groups 2, 4, 5, and 6. Thus, the study revealed the protective role of the alcoholic extract of MSL in reducing levels of testosterone and aggressive behaviour in female rats suffering from higher levels of testosterone.

Galaxy emission line classification using 3D line ratio diagrams

Two-dimensional (2D) line ratio diagnostic diagrams have become a key tool in understanding the excitation mechanisms of galaxies. The curves used to separate the different regions - HII-like or else excited by an active galactic nucleus (AGN) - have been refined over time but the core technique has not evolved significantly. However, the classification of galaxies based on their emission line ratios really is a multi-dimensional problem. Here we exploit recent software developments to explore the potential of three-dimensional (3D) line ratio diagnostic diagrams. We introduce a specific set of 3D diagrams, the ZQE diagrams, which separate the oxygen abundance and the ionisation parameter of HII region-like spectra, and which also enable us to probe the excitation mechanism of the gas. By examining these new 3D spaces interactively, we define a new set of 2D diagnostics, the ZE diagnostics, which can provide the metallicity of objects excited by hot young stars, and which cleanly separate HII region-like objects from the different classes of AGNs. We show that these ZE diagnostics are consistent with the key log[NII]/H$\alpha$ vs. log[OIII]/H$\beta$ diagnostic currently used by the community. They also have the advantage of attaching a probability that a given object belongs to one class or to the other. Finally, we discuss briefly why ZQE diagrams can provide a new way to differentiate and study the different classes of AGNs in anticipation of a dedicated follow-up study.Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ. Due to size limitations, the supplementary STL file for the 3D-printable diagram is available here: http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~fvogt/online_material.htm

IFU spectroscopy of southern planetary nebulae - III

In this paper, we describe integral field spectroscopic observations of four southern Galactic planetary nebulae (PNe), M3-4, M3-6, Hen2-29 and Hen2-37 covering the spectral range 3400–7000 Å. We derive the ionization structure, the physical conditions, the chemical compositions and the kinematical characteristics of these PNe and find good agreement with previous studies that relied upon the long-slit technique in their co-spatial area. From their chemical compositions as well as their spatial and kinematic characteristics, we determined that Hen2-29 is of the Peimbert type I (He- and N-rich), while the other three are of type II. The strength of the nebular He II line reveals that M3-3, Hen2-29 and Hen2-37 are of mid to high excitation classes while M3-6 is a low-excitation PN. A series of emission-line maps extracted from the data cubes were constructed for each PN to describe its overall structure. These show remarkable morphological diversity. Spatially resolved spectroscopy of M3-6 shows that the recombination lines of C II, C III, C IV and N III are of nebular origin, rather than arising from the central star as had been previously proposed. This result increases doubts regarding the weak emission-line star (WELS) classification raised by Basurah et al. In addition, they reinforce the probability that most genuine cases of WELS arise from irradiation effects in close binary central stars

The impact of smoking on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

AbstractBackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible (Nillawar et al., 2012). The pathophysiology of COPD is not completely understood. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Elevated CRP has been increasingly used as a surrogate marker of systemic inflammation in diverse conditions. TNF-α, a powerful pro-inflammatory cytokine primarily produced by activated macrophages, is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of COPD (Higashimoto et al., 2008; Churg et al., 2002).The aim of the workTo evaluate the impact of smoking on inflammatory biomarkers and relations between these biomarkers and the decline of lung function in COPD patients.MethodsThis case–control observational prospective study was conducted on fifty-eight clinically stable COPD patients (26 non-smokers and 32 current smokers; at different stages ranged from mild to very severe), their mean age 53.1±14.25 and 53.9±5.95years respectively), recruited from Chest Department, Assiut University Hospitals. All patients met the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) (Battaglia et al., 2007). All participants were subjected to thorough history taking, full clinical examination, anthropometric measurements with spirometry and chest X-ray. Peripheral hemogram, liver function tests, kidney function tests, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs CRP) and serum level of TNF-α were measured for both patients and controls.ResultsThe concentrations of circulating hs-CRP and TNF-α, were highly significantly elevated in patients with COPD in comparison to the control group (3.74±0.2 vs. 1.30±0.14 for hs-CRP; 33.88±5.97 vs. 8.79±0. 57 for TNF-α with p<0.0001 for each) and the levels of measured TNF-α were significantly increased with the increased degree and severity of COPD and increased severity of smoking status. Regarding the smoking status of COPD patients, there was a highly significant difference for the measured TNF-α (53. 74±9.52 versus 12.73±1.20 with p<0.0001) with no significant difference for the measured hs-CRP (3.87±0.29 versus 3.58±0.27 with p>0.05). Interestingly, there were significant negative correlations between the levels of TNF-α and hs-CRP, and FEV1 in stages II, III, and IV of COPD.ConclusionsThe circulating levels of the inflammatory markers hs-CRP and TNF-alpha are significantly elevated in patients with stable COPD and these biomarkers could be used as predictor factors for severity of inflammation in COPD patients. Longitudinal studies evaluating the effects of smoking cessation on bronchial and systemic inflammation are needed to allow better understanding of these relationships and their consequences

A stand-alone hydrogen photovoltaic fuel cell hybrid system for efficient renewable energy generation

Today the main concern for World is energy and power age. By and by, out of around 7 billion populaces, just 65-69% approaches power. Essentially to carry the populaces into the office of power access however much as could be expected inside the restricted assets, we have used the regular assets like sun oriented and wind to satisfy this assumption. Utilizing sun based and wind energy in relationship with the power gadgets, we can supply the power to the buyers inside their capacity and we will want to limit the power issue as could really be expected. Hydrogen Photovoltaic Fuel (HPF) cell is the mix of force gadgets which lessens the major sun oriented emergency of expenses, where expenses are the enormous issue for non-industrial nations. Presently a-days, the coordinated circuits (IC) are entirely solid and modest, to the point that make the conveying and reversing or changing over components simplest than the massive and expensive instruments utilized in the traditional power supply framework. The examination expects that the lattice joining of the environmentally friendly power assets utilizing HPF inverter might cause a colossal comment in satisfying the absence of force use across the world. Solar energy is a rapidly growing resource, already providing 4.5% of electricity in the World and projected to supply up to 35% by 2050. On the other hand, the default model’s predictions were far from the actual metered HPF data. For renewability, the simulated renewable energy consumption with modified inputs is 3.9% below of actual metered renewable data while the default model’s prediction was more than 52% below actual renewable use. Using PV-HPF hybrid model indices to represent how well a simulated model describes the variability in the measured data; the modified model has achieved accurate renewability results; with a Solar of 10.99 % and Wind of 9.90%, while the hybrid model has a solar of 57.16% and a Wind of 57.20% in renewable energy comparison being performed in MATLAB