Mécanismes d'action des composés oestrogéniques dans la neuroprotection chez la souris MPTP = : Neuroprotective mechanisms of estrogenic compounds in MPTP mice

Des études expérimentales faites par notre laboratoire démontrent que le 17β-E₂ a des effets bénéfiques contre le MPTP. On poursuit la recherche de nouveaux composés oestrogéniques comme des agents neuroprotecteurs au cerveau pour prévenir ou combattre la maladie de Parkinson. Ce projet de recherche étudie les effets du 17β-E₂, le PPT et le DPN sur l'expression des ERs ainsi que leurs mécanismes et capacité neuroprotectrice chez la souris MPTP (modèle animal de la maladie). Les résultats démontrent que les ERs sont exprimés dans le cortex, le striatum et l'hippocampe. Les résultats examinant le striatum proposent que les traitements oestrogénique protègent contre la perte des neurones dopaminergiques. Ensuite, une augmentation de l'activité des ERK1 et ERK2 chez les souris MPTP était observé. Le traitement hormonal a normalisé cet effet dans le cas du ERK1 et le contraire est vu pour ERK2. Donc, ces mécanismes neuroprotecteurs impliquent les récepteurs oestrogéniques et la signalisation par les protéines ERK1/

Neuroprotective Effect of Progesterone in MPTP-Treated Male Mice

Background: Numerous studies have reported on the neuroprotective activity of estradiol, whereas the effect of the other ovarian steroid, progesterone, is much less documented. Methods: This study sought to investigate neuroprotection with a low dose of progesterone (1 mu g) in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated male mice to model Parkinson's disease and compare it to the effect of this steroid in intact mice (experiment 1). We also investigated if high doses of progesterone could protect dopaminergic neurons already exposed to MPTP (experiment 2). We measured progesterone effects on various dopaminergic markers [dopamine and its metabolites, dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)] and on neuroactive steroids in both plasma and the brain. Results: For experiment 1, our results showed that progesterone completely prevented the effect of MPTP toxicity on dopamine concentrations, on the increase in the 3-methoxytyramine/dopamine ratio, as well as on VMAT2-specific binding in the striatum and the substantia nigra. Progesterone decreased MPTP effects on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations and DAT-specific binding in the lateral part of the anterior striatum and in the middle striatum (medial and lateral parts). Progesterone treatment of intact mice had no effect on the markers investigated. For experiment 2, measures of dopaminergic markers in the striatum showed that 8 mg/kg of progesterone was the most effective dose to reduce MPTP effects, and more limited effects were observed with 16 mg/kg. We found that progesterone treatment increases the levels of brain progesterone itself as well as of its metabolites. Conclusion: Our result showed that progesterone has neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-treated male mice

Mécanismes d'action impliquant les récepteurs oestrogéniques dans la neuroprotection chez la souris MPTP

Des études cliniques concluent que les oestrogènes induisent des effets modulateurs dans le cerveau et des études expérimentales faites par notre laboratoire démontrent que le 17β-oestradiol a des effets bénéfiques dans des modèles animaux du Parkinson. La recherche est en cours pour trouver des nouveaux composés oestrogéniques comme agents neuroprotecteurs au cerveau pour prévenir ou combattre la maladie de Parkinson. Une perte de la dopamine (DA) striatale observée suite a une lésion avec la neurotoxine l-méthyl-4-phényl-l, 2,3,6-tétrahydropyridine (MPTP) chez la souris, le 17β-oestradiol prévient cette perte et cet effet neuroprotecteur peut impliquer les récepteurs oestrogéniques alpha et beta (ERα et ERβ). Les mécanismes impliqués devraient être davantage étudiés et font l'objet de cette thèse. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que l'absence des ERs induit des changements dans les niveaux des stéroïdes sanguins, des transporteurs dopaminergiques et par conséquence la susceptibilité des neurones au MPTP. La réponse au traitement avec le 17β-oestradiol, montre une spécificité dans diverses régions du cerveau. Les souris invalidées pour le ERα (ERKOα) avaient des niveaux élevés d'androgènes et le MPTP cause une diminution de la tyrosine hydroxylase chez les deux groupes ERKOs, les souris ERKOα sont plus sensibles au MPTP que les souris invalidées pour le ERβ (ERKOβ) comparativement aux souris sauvages. Donc, un rôle important des ERα et plus modéré des ERβ est observé au cerveau des souris mâles suite à une lésion au MPTP. Ceci se manifeste sur les concentrations de la DA et aussi sur les transporteurs (DAT et VMAT2) comme marqueurs de l'intégrité des terminaisons dopaminergiques nigro-striatales pré-synaptiques. De plus, les ERs induisent des effets neuroprotecteurs dans le cortex, le striatum et l'hippocampe en modulant les niveaux des récepteurs glutamatergiques NMDA NR1/NR2B et les récepteurs dopaminergiques DI et D2. Par conséquent, une répercussion se manifeste au niveau post-synaptique dans les voies de signalisation PDK/Akt et MAPK/ERK où seulement les souris ERKOβ avaient une augmentation de la signalisation Akt/GSK3β, ERK1/ERK2 avec la lésion au MPTP. Ces résultats démontrent que ces deux récepteurs oestrogéniques sont impliqués dans l'effet neuroprotecteur des oestrogènes

Fluoroscopic Analysis of Protein Aggregates

In the last decades protein drug formulations have become a field of emerging interest. Unfortunately, proteins have the tendency to form aggregates and lose their bioactivity in the process. In some cases the formation of aggregates has also been associated with toxicity. Therefore techniques and strategies to a) prevent protein formulations from aggregation and b) analyze formulations in order to recognize aggregation are essential. A known technique to analyze protein aggregation is fluorescence spectroscopy. Aggregated proteins often show a different fluoroscopic spectrum than in their native state. Furthermore, the use of extrinsic fluorescent dyes can reveal additional information about the Protein structure. We propose here a project in which the student will be working with a commercially available protein (e.g., lysozyme) and apply different stressors like heat, pH, ionic strength, to it, which are known to cause proteins to aggregate. He will also use trp-PEG in order to examine if it is possible to prevent lysozyme from aggregation. Afterwards he would analyze the proteins with fluorometric methods and determine the extent and nature of the aggregation. PARTIE EXPERIMENTAL

Estrogen receptors and lesion-induced response of striatal dopamine receptors

Neuroprotection by 17β-estradiol and an estrogen receptor (ER) agonist against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) lesion were shown to implicate protein kinase B (Akt) signaling in mice. In order to evaluate the associated mechanisms, this study compared estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) intact or knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) C57Bl/6 male mice following MPTP treatment of 7, 9, 11 mg/kg and/or 17β-estradiol. Striatal D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptors were measured by autoradiography with the specific ligands [3H]-SCH 23390 and [3H]-raclopride, respectively and signaling by Western blot for Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and extracellular-regulated signal kinases (ERK1 and ERK2). Control ERKOβ mice had lower striatal [3H]-SCH 23390 specific binding than WT and ERKOα mice; both KO mice had lower [3H]-raclopride specific binding. Striatal D1 receptors decreased with increasing doses of MPTP in correlation with striatal DA concentrations in ERKOα mice and remained unchanged in WT and ERKOβ mice. Striatal D2 receptors decreased with increasing doses of MPTP in correlation with striatal DA concentrations in WT and ERKOα mice and increased in ERKOβ mice. In MPTP-lesioned mice, 17β-estradiol treatment increased D1 receptors in ERKOα and ERKOβ mice and D2 receptors in WT and ERKOβ mice. MPTP did not affect striatal pAkt/Akt and pGSK3β/GSK3β levels in WT and ERKOα mice, while in vehicle-treated ERKOβ mice these levels were higher and increased with MPTP lesioning. Striatal pERK1/ERK1 and pERK2/ERK2 levels showed to a lesser extent a similar pattern. In conclusion, ERs affected the response of striatal DA receptors to a MPTP lesion and post receptor signaling

Plasmalogen Augmentation Reverses Striatal Dopamine Loss in MPTP Mice.

Plasmalogens are a class of glycerophospholipids shown to play critical roles in membrane structure and function. Decreased plasmalogens are reported in the brain and blood of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The present study investigated the hypothesis that augmenting plasmalogens could protect striatal dopamine neurons that degenerate in response to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment in mice, a PD model. First, in a pre-treatment experiment male mice were treated for 10 days with the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-plasmalogen precursor PPI-1011 (10, 50 and 200 mg/kg). On day 5 mice received MPTP and were killed on day 11. Next, in a post-treatment study, male mice were treated with MPTP and then received daily for 5 days PPI-1011 (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg). MPTP treatment reduced serum plasmalogen levels, striatal contents of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, serotonin, DA transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Pre-treatment with PPI-1011 (10 and 50 mg/kg) prevented all MPTP-induced effects. Positive correlations were measured between striatal DA contents and serum plasmalogen levels as well as striatal DAT and VMAT2 specific binding. Post-treatment with PPI-1011 prevented all MPTP-induced effects at 50 mg/kg but not at lower doses. Positive correlations were measured between striatal DA contents and serum plasmalogen levels as well as striatal DAT and VMAT2 specific binding in the post-treatment experiment. PPI-1011 treatment (10 days at 5, 10 and 50 mg/kg) of intact mice left unchanged striatal biogenic amine contents. These data demonstrate that treatment with a plasmalogen precursor is capable of protecting striatal dopamine markers in an animal model of PD

Contribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta to the effects of estradiol in the brain

Clinical and experimental studies show a modulatory role of estrogens in the brain and suggest their beneficial action in mental and neurodegenerative diseases. The estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ are present in the brain and their targeting could bring selectivity and reduced risk of cancer. Implication of ERs in the effect of estradiol on dopamine, opiate and glutamate neurotransmission is reviewed. The ERα agonist, PPT, is shown as estradiol to modulate hippocampal NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors in cortex and striatum of ovariectomized rats whereas the ERβ agonist DPN is inactive. Striatal DPN activity suggests implication of ERβ in estradiol modulation of D2 receptors and transporters in ovariectomized rats and is supported by the lack of effect of estradiol in ERβ knockout (ERKOβ) mice. Both ERα and ERβ agonists modulate striatal preproenkephalin (PPE) gene expression in ovariectomized rats. In male mice PPT protects against MPTP toxicity to striatal dopamine; this implicates Akt/GSK3β signaling and the apoptotic regulators Bcl2 and Bad. This suggests a role for ERα in striatal dopamine neuroprotection. ERKOα mice are more susceptible to MPTP toxicity and not protected by estradiol; differences in ERKOβ mice are subtler. These results suggest therapeutic potential for the brain of ER specific agonists. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer Reviewe