تحقيق مخطوط (مفتاح العبادة ووسيلة السعادة في الفقه واالعتقاد على مذهب اإلمام األعظم أبي حنيفة رضي هللا عنه)

Yazarın bilgileri : Molla Hüseyin ibn Iskandar al-Rumi el-Hanafi, H. 1084 yılında vefat etmiş , Allah ona rahmet . etsinFıkıh ve tasavvuf âlimlerinden olup, Osmanlı Devleti âlimlerindendir.Fıkıh ve tefsir üzerine çok sayıda kitabı vardır ve tasnif konusunda çok iyi yeteneği vardı. Kitapları arasında şunlar bulunmaktadır:el cevharu-minir mecmeul-muhimmati diniyye), (Hanefi Düşünce Okulu'ndaki Dini Misyonların Bileşimi) . Bu kitap da dahil olmak üzere ve yazara atfedilmesi sabittir. (Al-Alam Al-Zarkali, Cilt 2/233), (Hidaya Al-Arifeen, Cilt 1/323) . Mahtut bilgileri : İçinde fıkıh ve inançlardaki tasnifinden bir giriş yapıldı, kitabın girişinde şöyle dedi: (Fıkıh, inançlar ve dini meseleleri içeren girişimi açıklıyordum ama içinde biraz uzun gördüm, bu yüzden onun uzun sayılarından bazılarını kısalttım ve ona güzel bir kolaylaştırma ekledim. Peygamber'in hicretinin bin altmış dört yılında mübarek Zilhicce ayı ve hamd yalnızca Allah'a mahsustur. Temizlik ve namaz ile sınırlandırılmış, inanç, tevhid ve Cenab-ı Hakk'ın bilgisi ile ilgili bir fasıldan bahsedilmiş ve fıkıh fasılları altında düzenlenmeyen çeşitli konularda bir bölüm ayırmıştır. Sık sık meydana gelenleri ve mükellefin bilmesi gerekenleri zikretmiş, meseleleri zikrettikten sonra fıkhî faydalardan bahsetmiş, söz ve fiillerde küfre düşmekten ve imanın temelini bozmaktan sakındırmaya çalışmıştır. Ve onu, (Tenveer al-Absar, Durar al-Hakem, Muniyat al-Musalla, açıklaması, al-Bahr al-Ra'iq, al-Mukhtar ve Multaqa al-Abhar) gibi onaylanmış kitaplardan seçti. ve ibadet fiillerini düzeltmekle ilgili bazı kitaplardan, örneğin: (Gaznevi , Hadiyat İbn el-İmad ve el-Kidani) Ve doktrinin doğru doktrinini açıklamaya özen gösterdi. ve ağırlık kitaplarından alınan fetvalara dayananlar, örneğin: (The Springs, Al-Mujtaba, Al-Sarraj Al-Wahaj, Tuhfat Al-Muluk, Al-Muhat Al-Burhani, Al-Jami` Al-Wajeez , Gerçeklerin Açıklanması ve Sonuç. Ve kitabın sıradan insanlara uygun olmasına ve bazı meseleleri bilmede ve kitaplardan varlık ihtimalini bilmede ilim talebeleri için bir referans olmasına özen göstermiş, bu yüzden meseleleri kolay ve sade bir şekilde zikretmiş ve bazı konuları düzenlemeye devam edebilir ve konunun kökenine değinebilir ve konuyu tam olarak bilmek isteyenler için referansına atıfta bulunabilir ve bu, sıradan insanın ruhunu bilgi aramaya ve araştırmaya yönlendirmede bir çekirdektir. Kitabın sonunda, ilim öğrenmenin fazileti hakkında bir sûreden bahsetmiş ve üslubuyla bir ibret ve nasihat olması gerektiğini söylemiş ve bundan dolayı: (cenaze namazı sûresini) Kitabın sonunda ve Dua Kitabında bahsetmedi Sonra niyeti ve Yüce Allah'a bağlılığı hakkında bir sonuç belirtti. El yazması nüshaları : El yazmasının dört nüshasını buldum : Birinci nüsha: (64) levhalarında yer alan Reşid Efendi Kütüphanesi. Üçüncü nüsha: İskenderiye'deki Belediye Kütüphanesi, (54) levhalarında yer almaktadır. Dördüncü nüsha:: Kahire'deki Üniversite Kütüphanesi, (55) plakada yer almaktadır.Author information: Mullah Hussein bin Iskandar al-Rumi al-Hanafi, died within the year 1084 A.H., may God have mercy on him. A jurist, speaker, and scholar of readings, and he is one of the scholars of the Ottoman Empire. He has many books on jurisprudence, creed and intonation, and he has a faculty in classification. Among his books are: (Al-Jawhar al-Munir fi Sharh al-Tanweer), (The Compound of Religious Missions on the Hanafi School of thought), (Jawhar al-Masas Fi Fi Every sane and ignorant person needs it), and also this book, and its attribution to the author is correct as in “Al-Alam Al-Zarkali” vol. 2/233 “Hidiyah al-Arifeen by al-Babani vol. 1/323.” Book information: In it he explained an introduction to his classification in jurisprudence and beliefs, and he was limited to purity and prayer, and mentioned a chapter on belief and monotheism, and singled out a chapter on various issues that are not organized under jurisprudence chapters. He mentioned in it what frequently occurs and what the taxpayer needs to know, and he strives to warn against infidels and disrupts the foundation of faith from the words and actions that may be issued by the taxpayer, and he selected it from the books approved in the doctrine, such as the book “Tanweer al-Absar” and “Durar al-Hakam” and “Muniyat al-Musali” and its explanation, and the clear sea Al-Mukhtar, Multaqa Al-Abhar, and some of the books that dealt with the chapters of worship, such as the Al-Muqaddimah Al-Ghaznawi book, the key to happiness, the gift of Ibn Al-Imad, Al-Kidani, and other books. Al-Sarraj Al-Wahaj, Tuhfat Al-Muluk, Al-Mohit Al-Burhani, Al-Jami` Al-Wajeez, Clarifying the Facts, Summary) and others. The author was interested in the book that it should be suitable for the common people and beginners, and he was also interested in being a reference for students of knowledge in knowing issues and knowing the reasons for their presence in books, and that it would be a nucleus in guiding the common and the novice in the request towards more knowledge and knowledge of issues, as the author mentioned at the end of the book A chapter on seeking knowledge and its virtues, and he also took care of it in his style, reminding and exhorting, and from that he mentioned the funeral prayer in the chapters at the end of the book, and he mentioned at the end of the book a benefit and then a conclusion in which he spoke about the intention and its devotion to God Almighty. Manuscript information: It was based on three manuscript copies of the book, which are: The first copy: The original of this copy is preserved in Rashid Effendi Library in Kayseri No. ((21511)), and it is located in ((64)) plates . The second copy: its original is preserved in the municipal library in Alexandria, located in ((54)) panels . The third copy: its original is preserved in the university library in Cairo, located in ((55)) panels .معلومات المؤلف : الملا حسين بن إسكندر الرومي الحنفي ، توفي في حدود سنة : ] 1084 ه [ رحمه الله . فقيه متكلم وعالم بالقراءات ، وهو من علماء الدولة العثمانية ، له العديد من المؤلفات في الفقه والعقيدة والتجويد ، وله ملكة في التصنيف ، ومن مؤلفاته : )الجوهر المنير في شرح التنوير( ، )مجمع المهمات الدينية على مذهب السادة الحنفية( ، )جواهر المسائل فيما يحتاج إليه كل عاقل وجاهل( ، ومنها أيضا هذا الكتاب ، ونسبته إلى المؤلف صحيحة كما في "الأعلام للزركلي "ج 2 / 233 " "هدية العارفين للباباني ج 1 / 323 . " معلومات الكتاب : شرح فيه مقدمة من تصنيفه في الفقه والعقائد ، واقتصر على الطهارة والصلاة ، وذكر بابا في الاعتقاد والتوحيد ، وأفرد فصلاً في مسائل شتى غير منظومة تحت الأبواب الفقهية . وذكر فيه مايكثر وقوعه وماتمس حاجة المكلف إلى معرفته ، واجتهد في التنبيه على يوقع في الكفر ويخل بأصل الإيمان من الألفاظ والأفعال التي قد تصدر من المكلف ، وانتقاه من الكتب المعتمدة في المذهب ، مثل كتاب تنوير الأبصار ، ودرر الحكام ، ومنية المصلي وشرحها ، والبحر الرائق ، والمختار ، وملتقى الأبحر ، ومن بعض الكتب التي عنيت بأبواب العبادات ، مثل كتاب المقدمة الغزنوية ، ومفتاح السعادة ، وهدية ابن العماد ، والكيدانية ، وغيرها من الكتب ، واعتنى ببيان الصحيح في المذهب وماعليه الفتوى من بعض كتب الترجيح ، مثل : )الينابيع ، والمجتبى ، والسراج الوهاج ، وتحفة الملوك ، والمحيط البرهاني ، والجامع الوجيز ، وتبيين الحقائق ، والخلاصة( وغيرها . واهتم المؤلف في الكتاب بأن يكون مناسبا للعوام والمبتدئين ، واهتم أيضا بأن يكون مرجعا لطلبة العلم في معرفة المسائل ومعرفة مظان وجودها في الكتب ، وأن يكون نواة في توجيه العامي والمبتدئ في الطلب نحو الاستزادة من طلب العلم ومعرفة المسائل ، حيث قد ذكر المؤلف في آخر الكتاب فصلاً في طلب العلم وفضله ، واعتنى فيه كذلك بأن يكون بأسلوبه مذكراً واعظا ، ومن ذلك أنه ذكر صلاة الجنازة في الفصول آخر الكتاب ، وذكر في آخر الكتاب فائدة ثم خاتمة تكلم فيها عن النية وإخلاصها لله تعالى . معلومات المخطوط : وقد اعتمدت على ثلاث نسخ مخطوطة للكتاب ، وهي : النسخة الأولى : أصل هذه النسخة محفوظ في مكتبة راشد أفندي في قيصري رقم )) 21511 (( ، عدد لوحاتها )) 64 (( لوحة . النسخة الثانية : أصلها محفوظ في مكتبة البلدية بالإسكندرية ، عدد لوحاتها )) 54 (( لوحة . النسخة الثالثة : أصلها محفوظ في مكتبة الجامعة في القاهرة ، عدد لوحاتها )) 55 (( لوحة

DC/DC Converters for Electric Vehicles

International audienceThe large number of automobiles in use around the world has caused and continues to cause serious problems of environment and human life. Air pollution, global warming, and the rapid depletion of the earth’s petroleum resources are now serious problems. Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) have been typically proposed to replace conventional vehicles in the near future. Most electric and hybrid electric configurations use two energy storage devices, one with high energy storage capability, called the “main energy system” (MES), and the other with high power capability and reversibility, called the “rechargeable energy storage system” (RESS). MES provides extended driving range, and RESS provides good acceleration and regenerative braking. Energy storage or supply devices vary their output voltage with load or state of charge and the high voltage of the DC-link create major challenges for vehicle designers when integrating energy storage / supply devices with a traction drive. DC-DC converters can be used to interface the elements in the electric power train by boosting or chopping the voltage levels. Due to the automotive constraints, the power converter structure has to be reliable, lightweight, small volume, with high efficiency, low electromagnetic interference and low current/voltage ripple. Thus, in this chapter, a comparative study on three DC/DC converters topologies (Conventional step-up dc-dc converter, interleaved 4-channels step-up dc-dc converter with independent inductors and Full-Bridge step-up dc-dc converter) is carried out. The modeling and the control of each topology are presented. Simulations of 30KW DC/DC converter are carried out for each topology. This study takes into account the weight, volume, current and voltage ripples, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and the efficiency of each converter topology

Exports and Economic Growth: The Arab Experience

This paper aims at analysing the relationship between exports and economic growth in the Arab countries using annual data for the period 1970-1999. Section two of this study presents a theoretical background of the relationship between exports and economic growth. Literature review is found in Section 3. In Section 4, the methodological issues of studying this relationship are discussed. Results of stationarity tests using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) as well as Bivariate Johansen-Juseluis tests for cointegration are presented in Section 5. Stationarity tests suggest that time series are non-stationary in their levels and seem to be stationary in their first differences. Testing for long-run cointegration relationship using Johansen-Juseluis approach, it is found that in general there is no cointegration relationship between exports and GDP. For this reason, we abandoned the error correction model and tested for causality using different versions of Granger’s causality test. We found mixed results about the causal relationship between exports and GDP in Arab countries

Human capital development in special economic zones the case of Dubai

The notion of human capital as an economic asset was first emerged in 1961 when Theodore Schultz coined the phrase. In the current most serious economic crisis since the 1930s, strategists and analysts in governments and commercial institutions are turning to people as being the most important asset in regaining economic stability and growth. This study aims to establish a framework to measure the impact of special economic zones on human capital accumulation within the context of Dubai. This framework will help decision makers to set up effective policies for future economic zones and to focus resources on key factors to accelerate the development of local human capital which is vital for the city’s economic growth. The specific research questions were: To what level does human capital accumulation occur within Dubai SEZs? What characterises human capital development in SEZs? What are the drivers of human capital development in Dubai SEZs? The research was carried out in three phases. The first phase was an exploratory study used to localise the variables, introduce adjustment, validate, verify, discuss variables obtained from the literature review, and to present the conceptual framework. The second phase measured the impact as well as the relationship of each variable on human capital development, to explain how human capital is developed within special economic zone firms, to gather more data and information about the localised variables influencing human capital development, and to collect data to build up a Human Capital Index. The third phase compares the impact of special economic zones on human capital in a cross comparison of firms’ development.An in-depth literature review was conducted on human capital and special economic zones. By focusing on the macro and micro levels, the study shed light on the factors that drive human capital development. The study established a framework to measure the impact of special economic zones on human capital accumulation within the context of Dubai. The proposed framework is characterised by education level, years of experience, the level of continuous knowledge accumulation, employees’ ability to build competence, and the application of the learnt education, knowledge and practice. The framwork proposed that human capital development is driven by the firm’s type, size, financial performance, free zone level of clustering, culture of avoidance and collectivness, and finally, the level of technical know-how spillover. The research concludes that human capital development does take place in Dubai special economic zones but at a moderate level. Human capital development is affected by the firm’s type, its financial performance, the level of clustering in the free zone, and what level of technical know-how spillover has influenced human capital development within Dubai free zones. In contrast, the culture of collectiveness is realised to have a minor effect on human capital development within free zone firms, while an avoidance culture is recognised to have no impact whatsoever

Batteries and Supercapacitors for Electric Vehicles

International audienceDue to increasing gas prices and environmental concerns, battery propelled electric vehicles (BEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have recently drawn more attention. In BEV and HEV configurations, the rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) is a key design issue [1–3]. Thus, the system should be able to have good performances in terms of energy density and power capabilities during acceleration and braking phases. However, the thermal stability, charge capabilities, life cycle and cost can be considered also as essential assessment parameters for RESS systems.Presently batteries are used as energy storage devices in most applications. These batteries should be sized to meet the energy and power requirements of the vehicle. Furthermore, the battery should have good life cycle performances. However, in many BEV applications the required power is the key factor for battery sizing, resulting in an over-dimensioned battery pack [4,5] and less optimal use of energy [4]. These shortcomings could be solved by combination of battery system with supercapacitors [6–8]. In [9], it is documented that such hybridization topologies can result into enhancing the battery performances by increasing its life cycle, rated capacity, reducing the energy losses and limiting the temperature rising inside the battery. Omar et al. concluded that these beneficial properties are due to the averaging of the power provided by the battery system [4,6,9]. However, the implementation of supercapacitors requires a bidirectional DC–DC converter, which is still expensive. Furthermore, such topologies need a well-defined energy flow controller (EFC). Price, volume and low rated voltage (2.5–3 V) hamper the combination of battery with supercapacitors [6,10]. In order to overcome these difficulties, Cooper et al. introduced the Ultra-Battery, which is a combination of lead-acid and supercapacitor in the same cell [11]. The new system encompasses a part asymmetric and part conventional negative plate. The proposed system allows to deliver and to absorb energy at very high current rates. The Ultra-Batteries have been tested successfully in the Honda Insight. However, this technology is still under development. In the last decade, a number of new lithium-ion battery chemistries have been proposed for vehicular applications. In [12–15], it is reported that the most relevant lithium-ion chemistries in vehicle applications are limited to lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium manganese spinel in the positive electrode and lithium titanate oxide (LTO) in the negative electrode. In this chapter, the performance and characteristics of various lithium-ion based batteries and supercapacitor will be evaluated and discussed. The evaluation will be mainly based on the electrical behavior. Then the characteristics of these RESS systems will be investigated based on the electrical and thermal models

The Penile Perception Score after distal hypospadias repair with tubularized incised plate and Mathieu

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Penile Perception Score (PPS) after repair of distal penile hypospadias using tabularized incised plate (TIP) and Mathieu procedures.Methods: A randomized controlled study was conducted at urology department from October 2013 to May 2014. It included 60 children who were divided into three groups: group A included 20 patients with distal hypospadias corrected using TIP; group B included 20 patients with distal hypospadias corrected using Mathieu; and group C included 20 children with normal male genitalia who were circumcised and considered as a control group.Results: There were no statistically significant differences between group A and group B in urologists’ and parents’ average sum of PPS evaluation, but urologists’ satisfaction was more than parents’ satisfaction. The PPS for TIP was 8.43 and 7.80 for urologists and parents, respectively. The difference was significant. The PPS for Mathieu were 8.04 and 7.89 for urologists and parents, respectively, with no significance. There were no statistically significant differences between group A and group B in the postoperative evaluation by urologists and by parents in meatus, glans, shaft skin, and general appearance. There were complications in 10% of cases from group A in the form of fistula, in 30% of cases from group B in the form of fistula in 25% and meatal stenosis in 5%, and no complication in group C.Conclusion: TIP showed better PPS score compared with Mathieu in hypospadias repair. However, the results of this study were not statistically significant. PPS was a good scale to evaluate hypospadias repair after surgery.Keywords: hypospadias, parents and urology, Penile Perception Scor

Filistin Gazze’de Al-Azhar Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin HIV/AIDS’e yönelik bilgi ve tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi

Objective: The study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of students’ at a university in Gaza regarding HIV/AIDS and identified differences in knowledge about HIV, and attitudes by gender, locality, and social and economic status. Methods: This descriptive study targeted 492 students of Al-Azhar University-Gaza. The participants completed self-administered questionnaires that included the following dimensions: socio-demographic, measurements of student's knowledge level and measurement of student's attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. Results: Findings showed moderate level of knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS although there was a very low of perception regarding the acceptance and sharing of HIV/AIDS persons. It means that only one third of the study respondents are willingness to be in close touch with people living with HIV or even communication with them, and less than fifty percent thought that it is their right to be engaged in a public or governmental job, stigma and discriminatory attitudes toward HIV/AIDS persons is high only 48% of the students thought it right to employ people living with HIV (PLHIV) and 35.5% refused to work in the same place with PLHIV. Conclusion: This study indicates the need for improving the level of knowledge as well as promoting the students' towards positive attitude

Sovereign credit ratings and financial markets linkages: application to European data

We use EU sovereign bond yield and CDS spreads daily data to carry out an event study analysis on the reaction of government yield spreads before and after announcements from rating agencies (Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, Fitch). Our results show significant responses of government bond yield spreads to changes in rating notations and outlook, particularly in the case of negative announcements. Announcements are not anticipated at 1-2 months horizon but there is bi-directional causality between ratings and spreads within 1-2 weeks; spillover effects especially among EMU countries and from lower rated countries to higher rated countries; and persistence effects for recently downgraded countries