The climatic changes and their role in the urban planning in Iraq (GIS.RS)

Known as the green establishment or sustainable building, they are buildings whose design depends on building technologies that take into account the environment in the materials used, energy consumption and sustainability. Climatic considerations were taken in the field of urban planning of the city? A number of scientific hypotheses have been formulated that serve as an organizational framework for this study. They were represented in the following: The emergence and formation of Iraqi cities in their current location resulted in various environmental impacts. The study aimed to identify the effect of climate elements in determining the location of cities, and to identify the effect of climate elements in The establishment of housing and its characteristics in terms of building materials and others, and the study adopted an analytical approach based on the analysis of a number of climatic factors that significantly affect the establishment of cities. A group of programs were used in this study that complemented others, including the Erdas V.9.1 program and the Alois program. (IL WIS 3.7) and the geographic information systems program (ARCGIS-V.10) The satellite images of the US satellite Landsat for the years 1970 (ETM) 2021 (ETM + 7) were obtained and satellite images were analyzed. The borders of northern Baghdad were projected onto the satellite images and a cut was made. Sub setting for satellite image analysis

Climate Change and its Reflection on the Frequency of Lightning

The phenomenon of lightning is a frightening and bewildering event for scientists over many centuries, and the problem of the study answers that the phenomenon of lightning in Iraq varies in time and place and what is the duration of its frequency, and what is a direct effect of the phenomenon of lightning The manifestations of public life in Iraq, and climate changes play a role in the phenomenon of lightning in Iraq, which The frequency of the phenomenon of lightning and the analysis of the climatic characteristics of the state of Iraq affect time and place, as well as the detection of the factors affecting the phenomenon of lightning, whether they are natural or human factors, given the location of the study area within the arid regions; Therefore, relying on studying the recurrence of the phenomenon of lightning is mainly because it is considered an input to economic and social development, and Calypso is considered one of the satellites with a polar orbit, orbiting from the pole to the pole, and the developer of NASA, which is designed to give excellent information about the height of the clouds in the atmosphere, that the moon Calypso It contains the CALIOP sensor, which uses two wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm to measure the properties of the scattered light from the suspended particles in particular using the LIDAR system, which is a very effective system in detecting lightning in the atmosphere, as well as ice crystals in it, and the work of the moon Calypso is focused on sending pulses from LIDAR laser light penetrates the atmosphere to reach the surface of the earth, where the moon collects information about the distribution of lightning and monitors the phenomenon of lightning in the atmosphere, and it is one of the important tools for monitoring and interpreting the effects of lightning on the climate system. Tracking the movement of the deep depression coming from the central Mediterranean towards the eastern Mediterranean and Iraq, the National Center for Environmental Forecasts This data is analyzed and compared with the moon images (CALIPSO, TRMM-LIS), and recent practical experiments to study thunderstorms have proven that there are two types of thunderstorms, one of them is strong. And weak ones, and that the differences in the effectiveness of lightning depend on these two types of storms, which also depend on the available convective potential energy, as both give heavy rains, but they differ in terms of the atmospheric instability in which these thunderstorms are formed. The world joined and touched with the world Renault 1998 in Finding the relationship between the change in the number of monthly lightning flashes (increase and decrease) with the change in the temperature of the higher wet thermometer, and by applying the equation to the selected stations, the frequency of N is observed in the Baghdad station by 22.2%, the Mosul station by 20.2%, the Rutba station by 16.3%, and the al-Nukhayeb station by 14.2%, and the lightning is formed. Usually inside a cumulonimbus stabilizer which is also called a thunderstorm cloud

Interactions between Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) and Foxes (Vulpes vulpes arabica, V. rueppellii sabaea, and V. cana) on Turtle Nesting Grounds in the Northwestern Indian Ocean: Impacts of the Fox Community on the Behavior of Nesting Sea Turtles at the Ras Al Hadd Turtle Reserve, Oman

Vanda Mariyam Mendonca, Salim Al Saady, Ali Al Kiyumi, and Karim Erzini (2010) Interactions between green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and foxes (Vulpes vulpes arabica, V. rueppellii sabaea, and V cana) on turtle nesting grounds in the northwestern Indian Ocean: impacts of the fox community on the behavior of nesting sea turtles at the Ras Al Hadd Turtle Reserve, Oman. Zoological Studies 49(4): 437-452. Green turtles Chelonia mydas nest year round at the Ras Al Hadd Nature Reserve, Oman, with a distinct lower-density nesting season from Oct. to May, and a higher-density nesting season from June to Sept. On these beaches, the main predators of turtle eggs and hatchlings are foxes Vulpes spp., wolves Canis lupus arabs, and wild cats Felis spp. and Caracal caracal schmitzi. During 1999-2001, both the nesting behavior of these turtles and the diets of foxes (the main predator on the beaches) were investigated, and we tested whether female turtles were able to avoid/reduce predation pressure on their eggs and hatchlings on the nesting grounds. Elsewhere in the region and globally, foxes are known to feed on rodents, lizards, birds, and insects, but at Ras Al Hadd, their diet is basically composed of sea turtle eggs and hatchlings (comprising about 95% in volume), with smaller contributions from other marine invertebrates (mostly ghost crabs Ocypode spp. and large gastropods), although they also sporadically ingested birds and lizards. The ability to adapt to a diet of sea turtle eggs and hatchlings, on these beaches, is certainly a factor behind the success of this carnivore community in the arid lands of the Arabian Peninsula. Field experiments indicated that nesting sea turtles recognized both natural predators and humans as threats to their offspring, and this was reflected in modifications to their nesting behavior. In relatively undisturbed areas (by both natural predators and humans), sea turtle nest density was significantly higher, and nests were placed further away from the surf's edge, in contrast to results from relatively disturbed areas, where turtle nests were closer to the surf's edge, thus reducing the distance hatchlings had to travel when they emerge and begin their journey to the sea. Nesting turtles interrupted their nesting cycle if they sensed the presence of people or foxes, returning to the sea without laying a clutch. However, if they had already initiated oviposition when they sensed the presence of people and/or predators, they continued, although they significantly increased efforts to camouflage their nests. Other reasons behind nest site abandonment included sand collapsing events (critical during preparation of the egg chamber) and intraspecific competition for nest sites. These behavioral patterns of sea turtles result from their evolutionary adaptation to nesting on beaches, which surely played a role in their survival, but also highlight the importance of minimizing human disturbance and activities on turtle nesting beaches. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/49.4/437.pd

Using spectral imaging for the analysis of abnormalities for colorectal cancer: When is it helpful?

© 2018 Awan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The spectral imaging technique has been shown to provide more discriminative information than the RGB images and has been proposed for a range of problems. There are many studies demonstrating its potential for the analysis of histopathology images for abnormality detection but there have been discrepancies among previous studies as well. Many multispectral based methods have been proposed for histopathology images but the significance of the use of whole multispectral cube versus a subset of bands or a single band is still arguable. We performed comprehensive analysis using individual bands and different subsets of bands to determine the effectiveness of spectral information for determining the anomaly in colorectal images. Our multispectral colorectal dataset consists of four classes, each represented by infra-red spectrum bands in addition to the visual spectrum bands. We performed our analysis of spectral imaging by stratifying the abnormalities using both spatial and spectral information. For our experiments, we used a combination of texture descriptors with an ensemble classification approach that performed best on our dataset. We applied our method to another dataset and got comparable results with those obtained using the state-of-the-art method and convolutional neural network based method. Moreover, we explored the relationship of the number of bands with the problem complexity and found that higher number of bands is required for a complex task to achieve improved performance. Our results demonstrate a synergy between infra-red and visual spectrum by improving the classification accuracy (by 6%) on incorporating the infra-red representation. We also highlight the importance of how the dataset should be divided into training and testing set for evaluating the histopathology image-based approaches, which has not been considered in previous studies on multispectral histopathology images.This publication was made possible using a grant from the Qatar National Research Fund through National Priority Research Program (NPRP) No. 6-249-1-053. The content of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Qatar National Research Fund or Qatar University

Polymorphism of Microsatellite markers and ‎Their Association with Egg Production Traits in ‎Iraqi Chickens

أجريت الدراسة الحالية لغرض تحديد التنوع الجيني للدجاج العراقي المحلي مقارنة مع اثنتان من السلالات التجارية العالمية للدجاج البياض ( سلالة ISA Brawn  و سلالة Ross Hen) كسيطرة  باستخدام التوابع الكروموسومية الدقيقة microsatellite  و علاقتها مع صفات إنتاج البيض و تم استخدام ثلاثة من التوابع الكروموسومية للكروموسومات 1، 5، E5C10. تضمنت الدراسة 100 عينة من المجتمعات الثلاثة للدواجن و استخدام التوابع الكروموسومية الدقيقة microsatellite لتحديد التنوع الجيني بوساطة تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) للتوابع الكروموسومية. وجد أثناء الدراسة إن مجتمع الدواجن المحلية أكثر اختلافا بالمقارنة مع مجتمعي سلالتي السيطرة. تم قياس الاختلاف الجيني (GD) بين المجتمعات باستخدام دليل Nei   للتماثل الجيني . اشارت النتائج الحالية بان أعلى اختلاف جيني (GD) بين مجتمع الدواجن المحلية كان بمقدار (0.82) و اقل اختلاف جيني كان بمقدار (0.4) و عند مقارنة الدواجن المحلية بسلالات السيطرة وجد ان أعلى (GD) كان (0.861) عند مقارنة مجموعة الدراسة مع ISA Brawn  و كان (GD) (0.867) عند مقارنة مجموعة الدراسة مع سلالةRoss Hen  و أوطئ GD (0.673) عند مقارنة مجموعة الدراسة مع سلالة ISA Brawn و كان GD (0.661) عند مقارنة مجموعة الدراسة مع سلالة Ross Hen، و هذا يعني إن نتائج التوابع الكروموسومية الدقيقة microsatellites الثلاثة المستخدمة في هذه الدراسة كانت ناجحة في الحصول على أعلى درجة تقارب (تماثل) بين المجتمعات الثلاثة المستخدمة في هذه الدراسةThe present study was conducted on local Iraqi chickens and two strains of commercial laying hens (ISA Brawn and Ross Hen) as control. To estimate genetic Diversity using microsatellites and their association with egg production traits, three microsatellites markers, located on 1, 5 and E5C10 chromosomes were used in pesent study. A total of 100 varieties of three chicken populations were genotyped for three microsatellite markers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate the genetic Diversity (GD) among populations using Nei Index similarity mean.  The present study show that local chicken populations were more diverse than control populations. Genetic Diversity among populations was obtained using Nei Index similarity mean. The present results indicate that the Highest GD among local chickens (0.82) and the lowest GD (0.4) and when comper local chickens with control strains found that the highest GD was (0.76) when comper with ISA Brawn, and (0.702) when comper the study population with Ross Hen strain and the lowest GD was (0.673) when comper with ISA Brawn strain, (0.661) when comper the study population with Ross Hen  strain, that’s mean the Three microsatellite genetic markers applied in the present study success to reveal high degree of similarity among the three population used here. The genetic distance revealed that local chickens are mostly related to ISA Brawn strain more than Ross Hen strai

Hydrological Operation Requirements for Restoration and Improving Water Quality of Al Qurna Marsh

A hydrological routing study for Al Qurna Marsh was carried out to estimate the hydrological state within the marsh for the Present and future conditions of the marsh. The water surface elevation, area and storage within the marsh at the present and for the future conditions were estimated and the effect of uncontrolled outlets on the hydrological and water quality state of the marsh at the present conditions was specified. The salt mass - balance equation was used to estimate the inflow and outflow discharges that required for reducing the effect of evapotranspiration on the water quality and flashing out the accumulated mass of salts and then improving the marsh water quality. This equation was applied on the future conditions of the marsh and inflow and outflow discharges that required for this purposes were estimated. Results of the hydrological routing for the present conditions showed that the maximum water surface area is 785 km2 which occur during October. While it is 431km2 during September and it can not be increased during these months since the outlet of the marsh is uncontrolled. The TDS concentration within the marsh increases during the months of high evapotranspiration although the inflow increases during these months. For the future conditions, the inflow discharges required to sustain the restoration requirements must be increased to decrease the deterioration in the marsh water quality. These discharges increase with the increase in the marsh area during the months of high evapotranspiration values

Proximate and Phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of indigenous landraces of omani fenugreek seeds.

Background: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L) is receiving global attention as a functional food due to its unique nutritional and medicinal properties as anti-diabetic, hypocholesterolemic, antipyretic, anti-carcinogenic and seasoning and flavoring agent.Materials and Methods: Seeds of indigenous fenugreek accessions were collected from three different ecological regions (Al-Dakhaliyah, Al- Dhahirah, and Al-Batinah) of Sultanate of Oman. The samples were analyzed for proximate chemical composition, phytochemical contents and antioxidant properties.Results: Only significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in the crude fiber and gross energy values of fenugreek seeds collected from different regions of Oman. The highest crude fiber content (8.6 %) was observed in samples collected from Al-Dhahirah region whereas the lowest value (7.1%) was found in samples collected from Al-Dakhaliyah region. No significant (P<0.05) differences were however observed in the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash contents of samples collected from the three regions of Oman. The regional variability significantly (P<0.05) affected the phytochemicals composition and the highest amount of total phenolics (139.2 mg GAE/100g) were recorded in samples collected from Al-Batinah, followed by Al-Dhakhliyah (130.0 mg GAE/100g) and Al-Dhahirah (127.8 mg GAE/100g) regions, respectively. A significant correlation was also observed between the total phenolic contents and the antioxidant properties of fenugreek seeds as determined by reducing power potential  (FRAP).Conclusion: Indigenous landraces of Omani fenugreek seeds are a rich source of protein, dietary fiber, and many important bioactive components, which were found to be significantly correlatedwith its antioxidant properties.Keywords: Omani fenugreek, landraces, phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties

An Innovative Platform Merging Elemental Analysis and Ftir Imaging for Breast Tissue Analysis

Histopathology and immunohistology remain the gold standard for breast cancer diagnostic. Yet, these approaches do not usually provide a sufficiently detailed characterization of the pathology. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate for the first time that elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy microscopic examination of breast tissue sections can be merged into one dataset to provide a single set of markers based on both organic molecules and inorganic trace elements. For illustrating the method, 6 mammary tissue sections were used. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy images reported a fingerprint of the organic molecules present in the tissue section and laser ablation elemental analysis (LA-ICP-MS) images brought inorganic element profiles. The 6 tissue sections provided 31 106 and 150,000 spectra for FTIR and LA-ICP-MS spectra respectively. The results bring the proof of concept that breast tissue can be analyzed simultaneously by FTIR spectroscopy and laser ablation elemental analysis (LA-ICP-MS) to provide in both case reasonably high resolution images. We show how to bring the images obtained by the two methods to a same spatial resolution and how to use image registration to analyze the data originating from both techniques as one block of data. We finally demonstrates the elemental analysis is orthogonal to all FTIR markers as no significant correlation is found between FTIR and LA-ICP-MS data. Combining FTIR and LA-ICP-MS imaging becomes possible, providing two orthogonal methods which can bring an unprecedented diversity of information on the tissue. This opens a new avenue of tissue section analyses providing unprecedented diagnostic potential. - 2019, The Author(s).This study was made possible by a NPRP Award [7–1267–3–328] from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of The Qatar Foundation). E.G. is Research Director with the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.Scopu

The Effect of Tin Oxide (SnO2) on Porcelain Glass Coloured by Copper Oxide (CuO)

في هذا البحث تصاغ خلطة زجاج من مجموعة من المركبات الحامضية والقاعدية والمتعادلة بحسب نسب وزنية محددة لإنتاج زجاج ينضج بدرجة حرارة واطئة ليتم التطبيق على سطح الجسم الفخاري، يلون زجاج الخزف باستخدام أوكسيد النحاس الأسود (CuO) بنسبة ثابتة هي (4 %)، مع إضافة أوكسيد القصدير وبنسب وزنية مختلفة من (1-8%)،  مع خلطة الزجاج وضمن التركيب لدراسة تأثير هذا الأوكسيد المعتم في طبيعة النتائج السطحية واللونية والملمسية للجسم الخزفي، وتحرق باستخدام الفرن الكهربائي بدرجة حرارة (920م) وزمن نضج (ساعة واحدة)، إذ يعمل أوكسيد النحاس على تلوين كتلة الزجاج ليكون قاعدة ملونة يظهر عبرها تأثير الأوكسيد المعتم SnO2)) ، واستثمار الفرق في معامل الكثافة والشد السطحي ودرجة الانصهار بين أوكسيد النحاس وأوكسيد القصدير لخلق عتمة سائلة داخل طبقة الزجاج عبر خاصية (طور–طور) وتم التدرج بنسب الإضافة لدراسة تأثير هذه الخاصية بوضوح عبر اختلاف النسب. وكانت أهم النتائج: 1- إن نسبة (1-2%) لم تعطي نتائج واضحة بسبب الفعل الصاهر لأوكسيد النحاس. 2- نسبة (3-4%) اللون أصبح أقل شدة مع ظهور بقع لونية صغيرة على السطح. 3-  نسبة (5-6%) ظهور بقع لونية على السطح. 4- نسبة  (7-8%) انتشار واضح للبقع  اللونية بتأثير اختلاف الكثافة والشد السحي.In this research, a glaze mixture is formulated from a group of acidic, basic and neutral compounds, according to specific weight ratios, to produce glass that matures at a low temperature to be applied on the surface of the pottery body. With the addition of tin oxide in different weight percentages from (1 - 8%), with the glass mixture and within the composition to study the effect of this dark oxide on the nature of the surface, color and tactile results of the ceramic object, (in One hour),Where the copper oxide works on coloring the block of glass to be a colored base through which the effect of the darkness oxide (SnO2) appears), and investing the difference in the density coefficient, surface tension and the degree of melting between copper oxide and tin oxide to create a liquid darkness inside the glass layer through the feature (phase - phase) A gradation was made in the percentages of addition to study the effect of this characteristic clearly through the different percentages, And the most important results were 1- The ratio (1-2%) did not give clear results due to the smelting action of copper oxide. 2- The percentage (3-4%) of the color became less intense with the appearance of small color spots on the surface. 3- A percentage (5-6%) of the appearance of color spots on the surface. 4- A percentage (7-8%) of a clear spread of the achromatic spots due to the difference in density and tensile strength

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PROCHLORPERAZINE MALEATE SUSTAINED RELEASE FLOATING TABLET

Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate once daily sustained oral release floating tablet of prochlorperazine maleate, this floating tablet has many advantages like reduction in dosing frequency, increase bioavailability, enhance patient compliance, and improve drug solubility.Methods: The prochlorperazine maleate floating tablets were formulated by using hydrophilic swellable polymer and gas generating agent. In this study, 15 formulas were prepared with many variables in order to achieve an optimum dissolution and floating behaviour for the floating tablet. The all prepared formulas were tested for bulk density, tap density, angle of repose, Carr's Index, thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, in vitro dissolution test, in vitro buoyancy, and swelling index.Results: Formula (F2) that contain 55% (w/w) hydroxypropyl methylcellulose k4M (HPMCK4M), 5 % (w/w) sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) have acceptable flow properties and compressibility index and good physical properties with floating lag time (16±0.57) seconds and total floating time (32±0.29) h with 100% release of prochlorperazine maleate at the end of 24 h. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study of optimum formula (F2) showed no chemical interaction between the drug and the excipients that used in the formula.Conclusion: It can be concluded that that the selected formula (F2) can be a promising formula for the preparation of gastro retentive floating drug delivery systems of prochlorperazine maleate