THE REPRESENTATION OF IRAN-SAUDI CONFLICT IN THE NEWSPAPERS REGARDING MINA HAJJ STAMPEDE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON THE ARAB NEWS AND THE TEHRAN TIMES

The Hajj 2015 shows a significance flashpoint of the long-term history of tension between Tehran (Iran) and Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) regarding the Hajj: Iran and Saudi Arabiaexchanged the accusation of standing behind the tragedy of Hajj stampede in Minna SaudiArabia, 2015. Printed media is the crucial for ideology production; this study focuses on therepresentation of the Iran-Saudi conflict on Hajj stampede 2015 in two newspapers, namely theArab News and the Tehran Times newspapers. The study uses a critical discourse analysis,mainly macrostructures analysis by Van Dijk (1980 & 1983). Three texts have been chosenfrom each newspaper and the macro-rules (selection, deletion, generalization, andconstruction) have been used to decrease the information in the micro-level yielding macropropositions in the macro-level; the global topics/themes of the discourse. Ten macrostructuresin the second level of analysis were identified from the Arab News newspaper out of 30 macropropositions in the first level and 21 macrostructures in the second level of analysis out of 43 inthe first level of analysis from the Tehran Times newspaper. The results showed that the Tehran Times newspaper has represented Saudi Arabia more negatively by 66.7% than the Arab Newswhich represented Iran negatively by 50% of the total texts. This indicates the ideologicalsignificance boundary between the ‘us’ and ‘them’ in both newspapers. In addition, the resultsshowed that there is an Islamic ideological competition for taking the Islamic leadershipbetween the Shi’a ideology of Iran and the Sunni Wahabi of Saudi Arabia in the Middle Eastand the Arab World. The study suggested that the discourse of Hajj must be separated from thepolitical discourse between Iran and Saudi Arabia because whenever there is a politicaltension there is a Hajj conflict

THE PRAGMALINGUISTICS OF APOLOGIZING IN THE ARABIC LANGUAGE BY NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS

Learners of a second language struggle to select and produce appropriate different kinds of speech acts due to their complexity. The students of the Islamic boarding schools are assigned to acquire two non-native languages compulsory and concurrently, namely Arabic and English. This study adapts the descriptive analytical approach to investigate the pragmalinguistic of the speech acts of apologizing in the Arabic language as produced by non-native speakers with special focus to the IFIDs. The participants are 202 students recruited to fill in a DCT that consists of eight situations regarding the students’ violation of the rules of the school. The results show that the students tend to use certain semantic formulas of apologies due to their lack of linguistic proficiency. To conclude, these forms are template slots of the IFID in which the non-native apologizer can slot his/her apology within these templates, and hence, enrich their pragmatic competence ability

THE REPRESENTATION OF IRAN-SAUDI CONFLICT IN THE NEWSPAPERS REGARDING MINA HAJJ STAMPEDE 2015: A Critical Discourse Analysison the Arab News and Tehran Times

The Hajj of 2015 showed a significance flashpoint of the long-term history of tension between Tehran (Iran) and Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). Iran and Saudi Arabia exchanged the accusation of standing behind the tragedy of Hajj stampede in Minna, Saudi Arabia. The representation of the tension in the media becomes the focus of the present study, which examines the representation of the Iran-Saudi conflict on Hajj stampede of 2015 in two newspapers, namely the Arab News and the Tehran Times. More specifically, this study examines (1) how the Iran-Saudi conflict regarding the Mina Hajj Stampede of 2015 is represented in the Arab News newspaper, (2) how the Iran-Saudi conflict regarding the Mina Hajj Stampede of 2015 is represented in the Tehran Times newspaper, and (3) the ways in which the Islamic ideological competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia for taking the Islamic leadership in the Arabic world is represented in the Arab News and Tehran Times newspapers regarding Mina Hajj Stampede of 2015. This study uses Critical Discourse Analysis as the main framework, focusing on the analysis of macrostructures developed by Van Dijk (1977, 1980, and 1983). Three texts have been chosen from each newspaper and the macro-rules (selection, deletion, generalization, and construction) have been applied to reduce the information in the micro-level into macro-propositions in the macro-level or the global topics/themes of the discourse. The results show that the Tehran Times newspaper has represented Saudi Arabia more negatively by 66.7% than the Arab News, which represented Iran negatively by 50% of the total texts. This indicates the ideological boundary between ‘US’ and ‘THEM’ in both newspapers. In addition, the results show that there is an Islamic ideological competition for taking the Islamic leadership between the Shi’a ideology of Iran and the Sunni Wahabi of Saudi Arabia in the Middle East and the Arab World. The study suggests that the discourse of Hajj be separated from the political discourse between Iran and Saudi Arabia because whenever there is a political tension, a Hajj conflict tends to occur

APOLOGIZING IN ARABIC AND ENGLISH: An Interlanguage Pragmatic Case Study of Students at an Islamic Boarding School in Indonesia

The selection and production of appropriate semantic formulas of apologizing for paying off violation of social norms to restore harmony is a hard task. Students of Senior Boarding School in Indonesia find it harder to form appropriate apology formulas in the Arabic and English as non-native languages due to the lack of pragmatic competence. The selection and production of the semantic formulas of apologizing by students of an Islamic Boarding School become the focus of this dissertation, which examines their pragmatic competence in the realization of the apology strategies in the Arabic and English languages. More specifically, this dissertation examines (1) what apology strategies used by Senior Boarding School Students in Arabic and English?, (2) how contextual factors (external vs. internal) influence the students’ apologizing?, (3) in what ways Senior Boarding School Students make pragmatic transfer when apologizing in Arabic and English? The participants are 202 students recruited to fill in a DCT, which consists of eight situations about the violation of the rules of the boarding school — utilizing the five semantic formulas of apologizing from Olshtain and Blum-Kulka 1983 (CCSARP). The results show that the students used identical semantic formulas in both languages. They prefer to use the Expression of regret and Promise for Forbearance strategies. The results also reveal that the internal and external factors affect the students’ selection and production of the apology strategies in both languages. Besides, the students’ pragmatic transfer occurs in linguistic areas like overgeneralization, inappropriateness, and conceptual transfer from L1 to L2. Overall, the students showed low proficiency in the pragmatic competence of the speech acts of apologizing in the English and Arabic, because successful communication is built-in two-way interaction pure of linguistic barriers

ON THE TYPOLOGY OF THE NEGATION MARKER MÂ IN MODERN ARABIC DIALECTS: KUWAITI, JORDANIAN, SUDANESE, AND YEMENI

Modern Arabic Dialects (MADs) have an identical morphological system with some similarities and differences in the choice of the negation morphemes. The main concern of this paper is to discuss the typological properties of the negation morpheme mâ- ما and its variation in four Modern Arabic Dialects (MADs), JA (Jordanian Arabic), KA (Kuwaiti Arabic), SA (Sudanese Arabic), and YA (Yemeni Arabic) taking into account two negation strategies identified by Brustad (2000), namely Verbal Negation and Predicate Negation. Specifically, the study will shed light on the types and positions of the negation morphemes regarding VN and PN strategies. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach. The data were taken from previous studies on negation in MADs and online sources, i.e., published articles and YouTube. The study found that when the negation morpheme mâ - ما is used as a one-negation system or a two-negation system, as a verbal and predicate negation, it changes to the negation morpheme mâ- ما due to phonological conditions and its pre-verbal position. The study concluded that three negation templates might be generalized in the four dialects, namely one-morpheme template, two-morpheme-template, and predicate negation template. Moreover, blocking of the negation morpheme movement in the sentences happens to do to phonological conditions

Implicature Analysis of Adel Al-Jubeir Political Interview on Yemen Campaign

Politicians use their political interviews to convey their thoughts towards their nations or others. This study aims to analyze conversation analysis and implicature of maxims being flouted by Adel Al-Jubeir regarding the Yemeni campaign, which started on 26th of March 2014. The study uses descriptive qualitative method. The data were institutional talk (Interview) conducted by Adel Al-Jubeir as IE (interviewee) and the journalist Wolf Blitzer as IR (interviewer) in the CNN channel in Washington. The data were analyzed according to Clayman and Heritage (2002) for conversation analysis and implicature of maxim based on Grice (1975). The results show two linguistic evidences. First, in institutional talks, conversation consists of three components, namely, opening, content, and closing. The opening includes the introduction, the content includes the announcement of the beginning of the campaign interface on Yemen and the Iranian nuclear program and its threat to Saudi Arabia, and the closing includes complete pairs (greetings). Second, for implicature analysis, the results show that Al-Jubeir being over-informative, stating more than required, represented with 82% of the quantity. He made a speech that he believed to be false, unjustified, and untruthful replies, representing 100% in the scale of quality. He gave irrelevant meaning to respond other participants’ utterances, representing 65% of maxim of relation. He gave unclear and indirect replies, representing 77% of maxim of manner. Besides, Al-Jubeir cooperated with IR. In addition, it can be summarized that he applied both particularized conversational and general implicature on political interview with some violation of the maxims as well

Praxeology Concept: Investigating the Actions of Primary School Teachers in Achieving Arabic Teaching

This study presents the results of an investigation of Arabic teachers' actions at the primary school level in achieving the objectives of teaching and learning Arabic. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with two data collection techniques: observations and interviews. The collected data then were analyzed using a didactic anthropological theory based on three main components: the teachers' desire (want) to act, the means or methods used by the teachers, and the results or objectives (end) achieved by the teacher's actions. The results of this study showed that first, Arabic teachers had a strong desire to overcome the problems faced by the students, especially in the demotivating aspect of studying Arabic. Second, from the results of those desires, the Arabic teachers determined and used several methods such as presenting the materials using songs, cartoon videos and integrating Islamic religious knowledge. Third, the actions or methods used by the Arabic teachers resulted in positive outcomes in teaching and learning Arabic for students at the primary school level

Students’ apologizing in Arabic and English: An interlanguage pragmatic case study at an Islamic boarding school in Indonesia

It is hard to select and produce appropriate semantic formulas of apologizing for paying off violation of social norms to restore harmony. It seems that it is even harder to realize such processes of selection and production in a non-native language. The study is of three folds; namely, it examines the realization of the apology strategies by students of a senior Boarding School in Arabic and English as a non-native language, the effects on the contextual factors (external vs. internal) on the students’ apologizing, and the pragmatic transfer. The participants were 101 male and 101 female students, recruited to fill in a Discourse Completion Task (DCT), which consisted of eight situations about the flouting of the politeness rules in the context of the Islamic boarding school, by drawing upon the five semantic formulas of apologizing from Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1983) of Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP) for analyzing the data. The findings show that the students used identical semantic formulas in both languages. They prefer to use the “expression of regret” and “promise for forbearance” strategies. The findings also reveal that the internal and external factors affected the students’ selection and production of the apology strategies in both languages. In addition, the students’ pragmatic transfer occurred in linguistic areas, namely overgeneralization, inappropriateness, grammatical contrast, and conceptual transfer from L1 to L2, which are categorized into two types, namely, micro-negative transfer and macro-negative transfer. To conclude, these results indicate the students’ on-record-negative politeness attitudes towards the offended parties, which are determined by the contextual factors and the students’ lack of grammatical competence