Design, Quantification, and Strengthening of Interface Interaction Between Aramid Fibers and Polymer Matrix

Composites reinforced by aramid fibers may suffer poor interface interactions during mechanical loading due to the smooth and chemically inert surface of the fibers. Three main strategies have been used to improve the interface shear strength (IFSS) including increasing surface roughness, enriching fiber surface with functional groups, and surface coating with ceramic particles. Plasma treatment is usually employed to functionalize and roughen surface of the fibers, leading to strengthening of the interface between the fibers and polymer matrix. A concern for fibers reinforced polymers is that the IFSS would significantly decrease once the composite is exposed to elevated temperatures. To maintain the mechanical performance of the composite at elevated temperatures, a polymer-derived-ceramics (PDC) precursor additive is used to stabilize the interface of the fabricated composite. Testing has shown that the IFSS of composites reinforced by untreated fibers is 29.32 ± 1.00 MPa and 26.10 ± 5.23 MPa at 50 °C and 100 °C, respectively, which surpasses 23.46 ± 2.32 MPa, the IFSS without PDC stabilization at room temperature. Regarding the functional groups, they have been created on the surface of the fibers through plasma or chemical treatments to improve the mechanical performance of aramid fiber reinforced composites. Unfortunately, these functional groups may reorient toward the fiber and be passivated by polar molecules in air over time and then become inactive and unable to bond to the matrix. The active period of the functional groups after a plasma treatment has been carefully evaluated. It is found that the fiber surface can be reactivated by drying with and without water molecule pretreatment. With drying at 100 °C for 10 hours, the IFSS can be restored from ~23 MPa to ~30 MPa. Regarding the last method to enhance the IFSS, chemical vaper deposition (CVD) and physical vaper deposition (PVD) have been used as an alternative methods to improve the IFSS by synthesizing ceramic nanoparticles MoO3 on the aramid fibers. A few advantages include no damage to aramid fibers which will help preserve mechanical properties of the aramid fibers and no concern on passivation as ceramic nanoparticles are stable compared to functional groups. Contrast to the bare improvement on IFSS from the MoO3 grown with PVD, the IFSS reaches 31 MPa from the nanoparticles fabricated with CVD, which suggests CVD would deliver a better interface interaction between MoO3 and fibers. These projects will benefit the engineering of aramid fibers into composites by largely taking advantage of their superior mechanical properties. Further research into interactions between heat treatment and strengthening additives would help us fundamentally understand the interface of advanced composite materials, as well as provide theoretical guidance for designing the interface between reinforcement and matrix

Epidemiology Study of Trichomonas Vaginalis in Babylon Province and the Efficiency of Mentha Spicata Leafs Extracts in Vivo

The current study was conducted in the period from November 2012 to June 2013 to investigate the epidemiology of trichomoniasis in Babylon province, the total number of examined urine samples was 600 for different ages in addition to 197 vaginal swab samples collected from hospitals, medical centers, and special clinics. The samples were examined by direct smear method and wet preparation method in hospital and medical centers laboratories and the advanced parasites laboratory in the college of the Science / Babylon Uni. This study include the relation of age, sex with the infection percentage of trichomoniasis , The result shows the total infection rate for female 7.38% and male 4.2% in urine in urban, lower than infection rate for female 12.16% and male 5.09% in urine samples in rural. the total infection rate in urban for vaginal swab 11.25% and higher in rural 16.23%.The effect of hot water extract is more efficient on T. vaginalis infections, we notice al animals recover in 40% hot water extract compared with cold water extract 3 animals recover in 40% con. and 3 animals recover in 40% con. of alcoholic extract. Keywords: T. vaginalis , menthe spicat

Evaluation of Water Resources and Hydraulic Influences in the Restoration of the Western Part of the Mesopotamian Marshlands

The purpose of this study is to assess the water resources and water conveyance system of the western part of the Mesopotamian marshes (Al-Hammar marsh) as well as develop a water conveyance system to distribute water throughout the western Al-Hammar marsh. These processes are significant to identify the current restoration problems and help to create restoration strategies for the marsh. Also, proper management strategy to the Al-Hammar marsh is necessary to preserve the marsh ecosystem, irrigate lands, and provide domestic necessities in the villages. The overall project is divided into three main chapters which address the current ecological and hydrological issues in the western Al-Hammar marsh. Chapter 1 assesses the water used in the restoration of the western Al-Hammar after 2003. Chapter 1 also provides updated calculations concerning the water balance and the water needed for the planned restoration which promotes more efficient water management for the marsh. Chapter 2 looks at the current condition of the water conveyance system in the western Al-Hammar in order to identify its problems, such as water loss, hydraulic problems, and inefficiency. Creating a high efficiency distribution system for the water supply will increase the rate of inundation and promote better management of surface water resources as well as obtain benefits for agricultural irrigation. Chapter 3 discusses how the restoration could be improved with current available surface water resources using multiple feeding points instead several feeder canals, which improves the health of the marsh and rehabilitate the area. The results of the water balance have showed a deficit in water supplied to the marsh, even using the drainage water from the Main Outfall Drain (MOD), due to the high evapotranspiration (ET) and limited surface water resources, which do not have a constant flow to the marsh. The feeder canals are not efficient enough to supply water for both irrigation and restoration purposes in their current condition. Furthermore, they have many issues, including operation problems, insufficient maintenance, and water losses. Improving the feeder canals by creating a lined network of irrigation canals serve both the farmland and increase the restoration of the marsh

Predicting breast cancer risk, recurrence and survivability

This thesis focuses on predicting breast cancer at early stages by using machine learning algorithms based on biological datasets. The accuracy of those algorithms has been improved to enable the physicians to enhance the success of treatment, thus saving lives and avoiding several further medical tests

The Behaviors of some Counting Functions of ‎g-primes and g-integers as x goes to Infinity‎

 في هذا البحث نركز على تصرفات الدوال الحسابية الموسعة للأعداد الاولية (x) وللأعداد الصحيحة   (x) وكذلك الرابط بينهما عندما x      . هنا دالة ريمان زيتا    (s) ( =  , (s)  > 1 ), تلعب دورا مهما كرابط بين (x) و   (x) . هذا العمل سيتم من خلال سلوك طريقة العالم بلنزاريو ]بلنزاريو،  1998 [   ليست بالتفاصيل والتي عممت من خلال المعموري ] المعموري ، 2013 [ . بالنهاية سوف نرسم مخططا يحدد العلاقة بين  و  ( حيث  و  هما القوى للحدود الخطأ H1(x)  و H2(x) من (x) و   (x) على التوالي . الغرض من هذا البحث هو تحليل تصرفات (x) و   (x) عندما x      . ملاحظة : من المهم والنافع الاشارة بان جهدنا في هذا البحث ليست تغيير بعض قيم الدوال التي استخدمت في طريقة بلنزاريو حيث ان تغيير اي قيمة مهما كانت صغيرة لإحدى دوال طريقة بلنزاريو ربما تقودنا الى خسارة هدف الموضوع بأكمله . ولهذا نبين ايضا قابلية التغيير المسموح بها في قيم بعض الدوال . كذلك سوف نختم البحث بفتح باب لعمل مستقبلي  In this article  we  focus on the behaviors of  the generalised counting  function of primes (x)  and  the counting  function of integers   (x) as well as  the link between them as  x      . Here the Riemann zeta function  (s) ( =  , (s)  > 1 )  play an  important  role  as  a link between   (x)  and  (x)  .  This  work  will  go  through  the  method  ( not  in  details )  adapted  by Balanzario  [Balanzario , 1998]   and  later  generalised  by  AL- Maamori [AL- Maamori , 2013 ] . Finally we shall draw a diagram in order to determine the relation between   and    , (where  and   are the power of the error terms H1(x) , H2(x) of (x) and (x) respectively) . The aim of this work is to analysis  the behaviour of (x)  and   (x) as  x    .   Note that : ʺ  It’s a beneficial to point out that our effort in this paper is not to exchange the values of some functions of  Balanzarioʹs  method . Since , changing any small value of one of the functions of  Balanzarioʹs method may be leads to loss the aim of the work  ʺ  . Therefore , in this article we show  the ability of  changing  the values of  some functions and in which places in the proof we should sort out

Compression Splices of Reinforcing Bars in Reactive Powder Concrete

Compression splices are widely used in compression members such as columns in multi- story buildings. There are efficient design equations for compression splice of reinforcement embedded in conventional concrete proposed by design codes of practice. However, there is no design equation for compression splice in compression members made of reactive powder concrete (RPC). So, it is required to introduce a design equation to calculate the steel bars lap splice length of RPC compression members. In this study, an experimental work was conducted to investigate the effect of different variables on compression splices strength. These variables were compressive strength of concrete, transverse reinforcement amount, splice length, yield stress of reinforcement and spliced rebar diameter. The experimental results showed that; Increase in the yield stress of reinforcing bars, length of spliced bars and compressive strength of concrete result in increasing in splice strength. Meanwhile, increase in diameter of reinforcing bars result in decreasing in compression splice strength. The increase in the amount of transverse reinforcement has insignificant effect on compression spliced strength of rebar. Finite element analysis was used to analyze the tested specimens and compared between numerical and experimental result was carried out. The numerical and experimental ultimate load and load-deflection behavior is very close to each other. Finite element method was used to investigate a wide range of experimental variables values through a parametric analysis. A new proposing equation for compression splicing of rebar in RPC column is presented in this research

The Effects of Toxocara canis Infection With and Without Red light on the Levels of Melatonin Hormone and Cytokines Peripherial Blood of Albino Rat

Present study was carried during period between August 2010 and February 2011 . A total  of 26 stray dogs were examined to detection of T.canis infection in deferent area of Hilla city . Experimental infection performed in albino male rats and subdivided into five groups these were, control negative and positive group, red negative and positive group and positive blindness group. The rat was killed and their serum were evaluated for cytokine (IL-1? and IL-6) and melatonin hormone. The present study showed the significant differences in melatonin level in types and time of of T.canis infection and red light exposure  and intercept between them (F=12.357, P=0.05, F=4.247,P<0.001). The present study aimed to show the effect of interleukin (hormone like peptide) especially IL-1? and IL-6, the result IL- ? don't showed significant differences between group (time* type) whereas post hoc analysis showed the significantly decreasing in types of groups in IL-1? concentration. This study also showed significant variation for time, type and intercept between them in interleukin-6 level (F=971.98, P<0.001; F=621.33, P=< 0.001 and F=1.33.26, P< 0.001 respectively)

Bond Strength Behavior for Deformed Steel Rebar Embedded in Recycled Aggregate Concrete

This study investigated the bond strength behavior of a deformed steel bar embedded in RAC through an experimental program and numerical analysis. In the experimental work, eighteen push-out specimens were tested. The compressive strength of RAC, the recycled aggregate replacement ratio, the embedded length of the reinforcing bar, the size of the rebar, the concrete cover, and the yield stress of the reinforcing steel bar were the main parameters investigated. The effect of these parameters on bond strength, bond-slip behavior, and modes of failure are discussed. Analysis of the test results indicate that the bond strength in concrete is reduced by 13% when using a specimen constructed from recycled aggregate compared with conventional concrete. The failure modes in a reinforcing bar embedded in RAC representing splitting failure and push-out failure, were similar to those in conventional concrete. The finite element analysis presented in this study was used to analyze forty-four push-out specimens. Through numerical analysis, the bond strength of RAC was related to the 0.57 power function of compressive strength. A design equation for bond strength of reinforcing bars embedded in RAC is proposed. The proposed equation was calibrated through the numerical and experimental results.

Drought severity trend analysis based on the Landsat time-series dataset of 1998-2017 in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region

Drought is a natural hazard that significantly impacts economic, agricultural, environmental, and social aspects and is characteristic of Iraq's climate, particularly the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR). For studying the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought severity in the IKR, a time-series of 120 Landsat images (TM, 7 ETM+, and OLI sensors) over twenty years (1998-2017) was assembled. Twenty separate mosaics of six Landsat scenes were used to derive the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI). The VCI index was employed to capture the drought severity in the study area. Results revealed that 1999, 2000, and 2008 were the most severe drought years. The results also indicated that severe droughts increased by 29.1%, 25.0%, and 26.9 through 1999, 2000, and 2008, respectively. Furthermore, a drop in precipitation averages occurred in the two years and significantly reduced the VCI values. Statistical analysis exhibited significant correlations between the VCI and each precipitation, and crop yield was 0.81 and 0.478, respectively. It can be concluded that the IKR experienced severe to extremely severe agricultural droughts, which caused significant reductions in crop yields, particularly in 2000 and 2008

A simulation investigation the performance of a small scale Elliptical Savonius wind turbine with twisting blades and sloping ends plates

Savonius wind turbine is among of simplest type of vertical axis wind turbines to produce the power from wind. Elliptical blades one of adopted geometry to design the Savonius turbine rotor. One of the most important measures to improve the performance of elliptical Savonius turbine rotor by developing the blade geometry. In this study, a CFD simulation used to investigate the effect of geometrical parameters of the small scale elliptical Savonius turbine rotor (ESTR) with inner surface wavy blades. The simulation has been implemented in a in a two configurations design models, ESTR models with twisting angle in range of (5˚ to 45˚) and ESTR models with tilt angle of end plates (3˚ to 15˚) with a constant Aspect ratio of 1 and overlap ration of 0.2. The performance evaluation were in terms of power coefficient and torque coefficient as a function of tip speed ratio. The numerical results show that an increase in the maximum power coefficient with increase of twist angle and tilt angle until optimum values of 30˚ and 12˚ for the twist angle and tilt angle, respectively. Although in all configuration show a good increase in power coefficient but there are a significant increasing in maximum power coefficient for ESTR model with twist angle of 30˚ which was 3.7% while the increasing reach to 14.55% at ESTR model with tilt angle 12˚ at tip speed ratio of 7. As well as, these two models provide a jump in power coefficient for a different range of tip speed ratio compare to previous model of ESTR