HR performance within Saudi Arabian organisations : is the relationship between 'job security and ill-treatment' and job satisfaction moderated by organisational support : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Business Studies in Management at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand

HR performance, particularly employees’ performance, has been well researched in Western countries. However, many Asian countries, including the region of the Arabic Gulf, are still under-researched in relation to this subject. This present study quantitatively investigated employees’ performance in one of the Gulf countries, Saudi Arabia. In addition, it took into consideration the religion (Islam) as well as the cultural characteristics that may affect performance in the workplace. Particularly, the type of society (collectivistic), losing face issue and power distance are the cultural characteristics discussed in this study. Furthermore, the study used four variables, which are considered important in relation to employees’ performance in the Saudi context: job security, ill-treatment (independent variables), perceived organisational support (POS) as a moderating variable and job satisfaction (dependent/outcome variable). The research question for this study is “Is the relationship between job security and ill-treatment, and job satisfaction, moderated by organisational support?” Previous research indicates that relationships between these variables vary in terms of how much they impact employees’ job satisfaction and, therefore, their performance. Some studies suggest that job security increases employees’ job satisfaction which can result in better performance. Others claim that ill-treatment can be a source of job dissatisfaction and lower the quality of job performance as ill-treatment impacts employees physically and psychologically. In addition, POS was found to have positive effects on job satisfaction as a higher level of support from organisations can lead to higher job satisfaction and performance. This cross-sectional, quantitative study used a questionnaire as the data collection method. Measurement scales used in the study were previously used in other studies, which strengthens the internal validity of this study. The 424 participants who completed the survey were Saudi employees who were required to have worked for at least six months for the same employer as full-time employees in Saudi Arabia. Results from this study suggest that, on an individual level, all three variables (job security, ill-treatment, POS) predicted job satisfaction in Saudi organisations. However, the regression analysis showed that job security had the biggest effect on job satisfaction followed by ill-treatment. Also, the moderation analysis revealed that the relationship between job security and job satisfaction was partially moderated by POS. However, POS did not appear to moderate the relationship between ill-treatment and job satisfaction

Time to Face the Music: Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony and the Siege of Leningrad

It was in his music that Shostakovich expressed his thoughts and feelings about the radically evolving political landscape of the 20th century. Bolshevism and Stalin’s subsequent inheritance of the USSR promulgated a refashion of the arts, forcing Shostakovich to be an instrument of the state in order to avoid being a victim. It was during Hitler’s Siege of Leningrad where Shostakovich, ironically, did not feel like a victim, but the custodian of a powerful weapon that dared to defy forces beyond his comprehension. In response to Hitler’s Bolshevik crusade, Shostakovich would launch an ideological crusade of his own, composed through the medium of a symphony

The Saudi Majlis Ash-Shura : domestic functions and international role, 1993-2003

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

How to become a Sustainable Smart City: the case of Al Quassim Eco-Neighborhood, Saudi Arabia

Sustainability is a word we started to hear it lately a lot and think about it. The effect of the new approach of sustainability in architecture have been noticeable by everyone and how it will be beneficial for the environment and the next generations. Heading towards sustainability and solar energy systems in neighborhoods, cities, and apply them in a way that it will be acceptable by the Saudi Developments, especially on cities like Al Quassim. Merging the vernacular building material with the new smart techniques will allow residential modules to be self-efficient in terms of energy Consumption, taking in considerations similar experience from Hassan Fathy and contemporary projects in the Middle East. Accordingly, this paper is discussing assessment of renewable versus non-renewable resources adopted within Saudi settlements. The Discussion elaborates on material resources available and the potential creating a smart model to be adopted as a prototype in hot arid Climate around Saudi Cities

Translanguaging and Young Muslim Children’s Negotiations of Intersectional Muslim Identities in an English Reception Classroom: A Linguistic Ethnographic Study

Young children’s translanguaging between different languages is underexplored and often examined in relation to questions of learning and teaching. In contrast, this study examines young Muslim children’s translanguaging in a London-based Islamic school. The context is one in which they and their teachers face contradictions about supporting language diversity, and public discourses and policies post 9/11, which regard practices related to Islam, including using Arabic, as suspicious. This study explores the interface of Muslim children’s translanguaging and negotiations of intersectional Muslim identities in the school setting, set within this broader Islamophobic context. Using a linguistic ethnographic approach informed by Bakhtinian heteroglossia, intersectionality and the social studies of childhood, this study examined young reception children’s engagement with translanguaging in formal and informal activities across different spaces. I draw on participant observations, informal conversations, and video recorded social interactions. I argue that young children translanguage in complex ways, shaped by institutional practices, broader social-historical discourses and language ideologies, creating dynamic language hierarchies. While Standard English dominated formal pedagogical spaces, Quranic Arabic was valued as the liturgical language of Islam. Similarly, while French was linked to social prestige, Urdu was viewed simultaneously as ethnic pride and a source of racialised mockery. Whereas the use of Somali was considered a source of deficiency and meaning-making for the Somali speaking children. I identify the common forms of translanguaging the children used in this setting depending on interlocuters, specific language ideologies and activities across space-time. Together, translanguaging and these factors produce heterogenous translanguaging spaces. I contend that the children translanguage by using varieties of Arabic and English to imagine and negotiate idealised gendered, racialised and generationed Muslimness. Developing these analyses, I suggest that translanguaging is simultaneously used to suggest asserted Muslimness and for including or excluding certain children from idealised Muslimness using ‘race’, language and generation. This study contributes to the academic conversations related to translanguaging, multilingualism, inclusions and exclusions in school settings and intersectionality as follows. I advance the complexity of translanguaging as an act of racialisation embedded within tension-filled contexts. I extend the concept of translanguaging spaces, highlighting how translanguaging shapes and is shaped by multiple activities and interlocutors across space-time. Further, I enrich intersectional analysis by offering insights into the complexity of young children’s Muslim identities and how they interlink with different social categories such as ‘race’, gender, language and generation

Growth Parameters Changes (Weight and Height ) in DCM with Acute and Chronic LV Dysfunction

Background: The growth failure is one of the most significant problem in children with dilated cardiomyopathy, one third of those with  DCM have growth failure. Echocardiography regarded as  the corner stone in the diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Material and methods: This study included 48 child with dilated cardiomyopathy with LV dysfunction, that diagnosed clinically by history, clinical examination, electrocardiography and echocardiography, including 2D-echocardiography, M-mode and Doppler study. Those patient were subdivided to 15 child present with acute heart failure (Acute DCM) (8 female and 7 male), and 33 child who are known cases of dilated cardiomyopathy reported in the cardiology out clinic with chronic LV dysfunction (18 female and 15 male) ,both groups followed for one year with regular clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic evaluation during treatment coarse for LV dysfunction. another 48 control  healthy child with same age groups involved in the study (25 female and 23male), the age of both patient and control groups ranging from 1month- 12 years.Results: All patient had  LV dysfunction at the time of attendance . In this study, most patient that had  DCM  with acute LV dysfunction had normal weight and height at the time of attendance, but after one year , those with LV dysfunction in spite of treatment had defective weight and height, but those with chronic LV dysfunction, that develop normal cardiac function after one year of treatment will improve their weight and height after one year treatment and follow up.Conclusions: Most children with chronic dilated cardiomyopathy have delayed growth regarding weight and height with decrease hemoglobin level .The improvement in the cardiac function of some patients usually followed by increment in their body weight and height over the periods of follow up

Renewables and the future of geopolitics: Revisiting main concepts of international relations from the lens of renewables

The development of renewable energy is often treated as a purely positive outcome for the world, without consideration of the challenges that come with implementation at scale, which will inevitably follow with the process of a global energy transition. Studies on the political process of the transition to a world of renewables are scarce. This article provides a review on the geopolitical, institutional, and technological aspects of the development of renewable energy sources, including transportation and delivery of energy across national borders. At scale internationally, renewable energy will present many of the same issues as other mature sources of energy. Security, export interdependence, and the availability of source materials will all become increasingly important concerns

Economic Diversification Trends in the Gulf: the Case of Saudi Arabia

A national economy which is dependent on income from just one source is vulnerable, especially when that income comes from non-renewable resources. The sustainable prosperity of an economy thus relies on the successful implementation of economic diversification. Diversification is key to creating an attractive, flourishing environment in a country and improving the quality of its institutions and its citizens' lives. The countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) are accelerating their efforts to achieve economic diversification, with their national visions reflecting a shared aim of securing permanent high standards of living for future generations. After the first boom in oil prices in 1970, Saudi Arabia's government introduced primary development plans to diversify its economy. In 2016, it announced its 2030 vision to establish sustainable growth through economic diversification. The economic diversification strategy of Saudi Arabia is founded on several pillars, including investment in human capital and education and investment in non-oil sectors such as tourism. This paper aims to analyze the economic diversification trends in the GCC region with a special focus on Saudi Arabia as a case study. Within this wider context, the paper will concentrate on Saudi Arabia's efforts to achieve diversification by building a knowledge-based economy. Focusing on the quality of education and research improves the human capital available in the country which contributes to the growth of the economy. Results reveal that although Saudi Arabia has embarked on its diversification plans, the current status of oil prices, the deficit in the Saudi general budget, and the country's traditional educational system will hinder and slow this process.Scopu

Gender Identity Disorder and Its Relation to Suicidal Thoughts for Middle School Students

يهدف البحث الحالي للتعرف إلى: اضطراب الهوية الجنسية لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. الأفكار الانتحارية لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. الفروق ذات الدلالة الاحصائية لاضطراب الهوية الجنسية و الأفكار الانتحارية على وفق متغيري الجنس (ذكور – أناث ) والتخصص (علمي – أدبي ). العلاقة الارتباطية بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. وتألفت عينة البحث من (445) طالباً وطالبة للمراحل الاعدادية في مركز محافظة بابل للعام الدراسي (2017- 2018). وتم اختيار العينة عشوائياً من ست مدارس , ثلاث منها للطلبة الذكور، والثلاث الاخر للبنات موزعة على وفق متغيري الجنس والتخصص.   ولتحقيق اهداف البحث تطلب بناء مقياسين : المقياس الأول: مقياس اضطراب الهوية الجنسية الذي قامت الباحثة ببنائه بالاستناد إلى معايير الدليل الاحصائي  والتشخيصي للطب النفسي في مراجعتها الخامسة المعدلة (DSM5- V2000). المقياس الثاني: مقياس الأفكار الانتحارية إذ قامت الباحثة ببنائه بالاستناد إلى تعريف بيك واخرين( Beck , et al ,1979 ). وبعد التحقق من توافر الخصائص السايكومترية  للمقياسين، تم تطبيقهما على عينة البحث.   وبعد جمع البيانات ومعالجتها احصائياً, توصلت الباحثة الى النتائج الاتية: إنَ طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية ليس لديهم اضطراب الهوية الجنسية. توجد فروق دالة احصائيا على وفق متغير الجنس (ذكور ,أناث)في اضطراب الهوية الجنسية لمصلحة الاناث لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. توجد فروقا دالة احصائيا على وفق متغير التخصص (علمي ,أدبي)في اضطراب الهوية الجنسية لمصلحة طلبة التخصص العلمي. إنَ طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية ليس لديهم افكارً انتحارية. لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية على وفق متغيري الجنس والتخصص في الافكار الانتحارية. إنَ العلاقة بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية دالة إحصائياً أي علاقة ارتباطية طردية (موجبة) بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية لدى طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية. توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في العلاقة الارتباطية بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية على وفق متغير الجنس (ذكور، إناث) لصالح الاناث. لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في العلاقة الارتباطية بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية على وفق متغير التخصص(علمي, أدبي).Objective of the present research: 1- Identify the levels of intermediate students in Gender identity disorder and suicidal thoughts. 2- Find the differences in moral Gender identity disorder and suicidal thoughts on according to sex and variables. 3- Identify the link relationship between Gender identity disorder and suicidal thoughts among students in junior high. The research sample has consisted of (445) students in the preparatory stages of Babylon center for the academic year (2017-2018). The sample was randomly selected from six schools, three of which are for male students, and the other three girls. Distributed  according to the variables of sex and specialization. The achievement of research objectives requires the preparation of two measures: The first measure is to measure the Gender identity disorder that the researcher has constructed based on the criteria of the Statistical and Diagnostic Manual of Psychiatry in its revised fifth revision (DSM5-V2000). The second measure is to measure suicidal thoughts as well as the definition of Beck and others (Beck, et al, 1979). After checking the availability of the cytometric parameters of the measurements, they were applied to the research sample. After collecting and processing the data statistically, the researcher reached the following results: 1- The intermediate students do not have gender identity disorder 2- There are differences according to gender variable statistical function (male, female) gender identity disorder in the interest of female students in middle school. 3- There is a statistical function differences on as a variable (scientific, literature) in gender identity disorder to interest students in the scientific specialization. 4- The intermediate students have suicidal thoughts. 5- There are no statistically significant differences according to gender variables and specialization in suicidal thoughts. 6- The relationship between gender identity disorder and suicidal thoughts statistical function any function (positive) correlation between gender identity disorder and suicidal thoughts among students in middle school.. 7- Statistically significant differences exist in the relationship between gender identity disorder and link suicidal thoughts on according to the variable gender (male, female) for females. 8- There are no statistically significant differences in the relationship between gender identity disorder and link suicidal thoughts on as variable specialization (literary, scientific)

Gender Identity Disorder and Its Relation to Suicidal Thoughts for Middle School Students

يهدف البحث الحالي للتعرف إلى: اضطراب الهوية الجنسية لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. الأفكار الانتحارية لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. الفروق ذات الدلالة الاحصائية لاضطراب الهوية الجنسية و الأفكار الانتحارية على وفق متغيري الجنس (ذكور – أناث) والتخصص (علمي – أدبي). العلاقة الارتباطية بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. وتألفت عينة البحث من (445) طالباً وطالبة للمراحل الاعدادية في مركز محافظة بابل للعام الدراسي (2017- 2018). وتم اختيار العينة عشوائياً من ست مدارس, ثلاث منها للطلبة الذكور، والثلاث الاخر للبنات موزعة على وفق متغيري الجنس والتخصص. ولتحقيق اهداف البحث تطلب بناء مقياسين: المقياس الأول: مقياس اضطراب الهوية الجنسية الذي قامت الباحثة ببنائه بالاستناد إلى معايير الدليل الاحصائي  والتشخيصي للطب النفسي في مراجعتها الخامسة المعدلة (DSM5- V2000). المقياس الثاني: مقياس الأفكار الانتحارية إذ قامت الباحثة ببنائه بالاستناد إلى تعريف بيك واخرين(Beck , et al ,1979). وبعد التحقق من توافر الخصائص السايكومترية  للمقياسين، تم تطبيقهما على عينة البحث. وبعد جمع البيانات ومعالجتها احصائياً, توصلت الباحثة الى النتائج الاتية: إنَ طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية ليس لديهم اضطراب الهوية الجنسية. توجد فروق دالة احصائيا على وفق متغير الجنس (ذكور,أناث) في اضطراب الهوية الجنسية لمصلحة الاناث لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. توجد فروقا دالة احصائيا على وفق متغير التخصص (علمي ,أدبي) في اضطراب الهوية الجنسية لمصلحة طلبة التخصص العلمي. إنَ طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية ليس لديهم افكارً انتحارية. لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية على وفق متغيري الجنس والتخصص في الافكار الانتحارية. إنَ العلاقة بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية دالة إحصائياً أي علاقة ارتباطية طردية (موجبة) بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية لدى طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية. توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في العلاقة الارتباطية بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية على وفق متغير الجنس (ذكور، إناث) لصالح الاناث. لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في العلاقة الارتباطية بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية على وفق متغير التخصص(علمي, أدبي). يهدف البحث الحالي للتعرف إلى: اضطراب الهوية الجنسية لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. الأفكار الانتحارية لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. الفروق ذات الدلالة الاحصائية لاضطراب الهوية الجنسية و الأفكار الانتحارية على وفق متغيري الجنس (ذكور – أناث) والتخصص (علمي – أدبي). العلاقة الارتباطية بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. وتألفت عينة البحث من (445) طالباً وطالبة للمراحل الاعدادية في مركز محافظة بابل للعام الدراسي (2017- 2018). وتم اختيار العينة عشوائياً من ست مدارس, ثلاث منها للطلبة الذكور، والثلاث الاخر للبنات موزعة على وفق متغيري الجنس والتخصص. ولتحقيق اهداف البحث تطلب بناء مقياسين: المقياس الأول: مقياس اضطراب الهوية الجنسية الذي قامت الباحثة ببنائه بالاستناد إلى معايير الدليل الاحصائي  والتشخيصي للطب النفسي في مراجعتها الخامسة المعدلة (DSM5- V2000). المقياس الثاني: مقياس الأفكار الانتحارية إذ قامت الباحثة ببنائه بالاستناد إلى تعريف بيك واخرين(Beck , et al ,1979). وبعد التحقق من توافر الخصائص السايكومترية  للمقياسين، تم تطبيقهما على عينة البحث. وبعد جمع البيانات ومعالجتها احصائياً, توصلت الباحثة الى النتائج الاتية: إنَ طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية ليس لديهم اضطراب الهوية الجنسية. توجد فروق دالة احصائيا على وفق متغير الجنس (ذكور,أناث) في اضطراب الهوية الجنسية لمصلحة الاناث لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. توجد فروقا دالة احصائيا على وفق متغير التخصص (علمي ,أدبي) في اضطراب الهوية الجنسية لمصلحة طلبة التخصص العلمي. إنَ طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية ليس لديهم افكارً انتحارية. لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية على وفق متغيري الجنس والتخصص في الافكار الانتحارية. إنَ العلاقة بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية دالة إحصائياً أي علاقة ارتباطية طردية (موجبة) بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية لدى طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية. توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في العلاقة الارتباطية بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية على وفق متغير الجنس (ذكور، إناث) لصالح الاناث. لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في العلاقة الارتباطية بين اضطراب الهوية الجنسية والأفكار الانتحارية على وفق متغير التخصص(علمي, أدبي).  Objective of the present research: 1- Identify the levels of intermediate students in Gender identity disorder and suicidal thoughts. 2- Find the differences in moral Gender identity disorder and suicidal thoughts on according to sex and variables. 3- Identify the link relationship between Gender identity disorder and suicidal thoughts among students in junior high. The research sample has consisted of (445) students in the preparatory stages of Babylon center for the academic year (2017-2018). The sample was randomly selected from six schools, three of which are for male students, and the other three girls. Distributed  according to the variables of sex and specialization. The achievement of research objectives requires the preparation of two measures: The first measure is to measure the Gender identity disorder that the researcher has constructed based on the criteria of the Statistical and Diagnostic Manual of Psychiatry in its revised fifth revision (DSM5-V2000). The second measure is to measure suicidal thoughts as well as the definition of Beck and others (Beck, et al, 1979). After checking the availability of the cytometric parameters of the measurements, they were applied to the research sample. After collecting and processing the data statistically, the researcher reached the following results: 1- The intermediate students do not have gender identity disorder 2- There are differences according to gender variable statistical function (male, female) gender identity disorder in the interest of female students in middle school. 3- There is a statistical function differences on as a variable (scientific, literature) in gender identity disorder to interest students in the scientific specialization. 4- The intermediate students have suicidal thoughts. 5- There are no statistically significant differences according to gender variables and specialization in suicidal thoughts. 6- The relationship between gender identity disorder and suicidal thoughts statistical function any function (positive) correlation between gender identity disorder and suicidal thoughts among students in middle school.. 7- Statistically significant differences exist in the relationship between gender identity disorder and link suicidal thoughts on according to the variable gender (male, female) for females. 8- There are no statistically significant differences in the relationship between gender identity disorder and link suicidal thoughts on as variable specialization (literary, scientific)