Torefaksi Tandan Kosong Sawit : Pengaruh Kondisi Proses terhadap Nilai Kalor Produk Torefaksi

Empty fruit bunches can be used as alternative energy source by torrefaction process. Torrefaction is a treatment process of biomass into solid fuel within temperature range of 200-300oC in an inert condition. The aim of this research was to determine the condition of the process to the increase in calorific value torrefaction product. Torrefaction of empty fruit bunch was using fixed bed horizontal reactor with temperature (225-275oC), time (15-45 minutes) and particle size (2-6 cm). Results of the research is the calorific value and the proximate analysis torrefaction products such as moisture content, ash content, volatile content, and the content of fixed carbon. Torrefaction product calorific value in the range 17091,03-20697,13 kJ/kg

Dynamic behavior assessment of public buildings in Syria using non-linear time-history analysis and ambient noise measurements: a case study

This study evaluates the dynamic behavior and performance of vital reinforced concrete (RC) public building [Ministry of Higher Education (MHE)] designed in compliance with the old Syrian (non-seismic) building code. The real non-linear dynamic behavior of the MHE building has been checked by detailed dynamic numerical analyses (finite elements method—FEM) validated by a series of ambient noise measurements carried out on-site. The modeling approach for the thorough 3D dynamic analyses of the (RC) MHE building has been developed to be able to investigate the actual non-linear dynamic performance of widespread range of RC structures, providing the opportunity to set up a reliable detailed methodology to assess the real dynamic performance of the old vital structures designed according to the old Syrian (non-seismic) building code from the new seismic requirements perspective. The results of the frequency analyses, the nonlinear time history, and the experimental measurements have shown an excellent agreement. The study showed that the modeling approach by the FEM is reliable for predicting the actual dynamic behavior of RC structures, but it is very sensitive to the modeling assumptions. Furthermore, the dynamic performance analyses have revealed unsymmetrical behavior of the east–west wings about the Y-axis which could be attributed to the inefficient seismic rehabilitation executed in 2001