Constructs of Process Change Management in ERP Context: A Focus on SAP R/3

This paper explores the ERP phenomenon from a process change management (PCM) perspective. A framework is used to highlight the various PCM constructs in the context of SAP R/3 implementation. Evidence on how these constructs are operationalized in practice is drawn from a large collection of R/3 case studies representing various organizational experiences. The paper provides foundation and recommends several ideas for future research and investigation

The Effect of a Rehabilitation Program for Treating Chronic Muscle Pain Disease (Fibromyalgia) in Women

The study sample included 9 women infected with the disease, their ages ranged between 40-55 years, and the following measures were used to examine the study variables: The McGill Pain Scale (MPQ), Fibromyalgia Overall Impact Scale (FIQ), anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), muscle strength test for grip strength using dynamometer, CURLE-UP TEST for core muscles and SQUAT TEST for lower extremity muscles. The proposed program was applied to the study sample for a period of three months, with 3 sessions per week of physical therapy and two sessions per month of cognitive behavioral group therapy. Pre and post measurements were taken for the study sample. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences on each variable of pain, mental health and muscle strength in favor of the post measurement, and the absence of statistically significant differences on the quality of life, and the researcher concluded that the proposed program would be useful in relieving pain and improving the psychological state, and increase muscle strength in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome, these patients are recommended to adhere to the physical activities and exercises used in the program to alleviate their disease symptoms. Keywords: Rehabilitation Program, Treating, Chronic Muscle Pain Disease (Fibromyalgia) DOI: 10.7176/JTHS/55-07 Publication date:March 31st 202

Characterizing synthetically prepared packing materials and standard monolithic columns by inverse size exclusion chromatography

Characterizing the analytical column is the first step in determining whether the column is suitable for the work\u27s aim, or not. This work will be devoted to characterizing two kinds of columns: the normal practical packing column and the monolithic column. The Inverse Size Exclusion Chromatography (ISEC) method has been applied to study and characterize these columns by using a long series of standard polystyrene samples of narrow molecular weight distribution. These samples have been carefully chosen to cover a wide range of molecular weight between 5 X 102 up to 2 X 106 Dalton. The former columns were packed with synthesized and prepared materials that were made at Oak Rage National Laboratory (ORNL) by Dr. S. Dai and his student Mr. C. Liang. The monolithic columns were given to Prof. G. Guiochon as a generous gift from MERCK Company. Our work on these columns will be focused on five important characteristics: efficiency, pore-size diameter, pore-size distribution, porosity, and excluded molecular weight. In fact, by applying ISEC for these columns once by CH2CL2 and another by THF, we should acquire more or less the same results (except the efficiency). One of the prepared packing materials that investigated has a reasonable efficiency, as a prepared material, around 3200 plate; the other characters reveal very consistent values in both runs. The other four materials have poor efficiency (less than 2000), very different values when the run is shifted from CH2CL2 to THF. We conclude that these prepared materials either cannot fit and achieve the boundaries and the necessary conditions to be characterized by ISEC, or that they need to be improved in some points concerning their structure. The monolithic columns showed rather excellent and reliable values for SD\u27s and RSD\u27s, as well as, very high efficiency over 4500 plate comparing with the normal packing materials. We have to be very careful when we deal with the monolithic columns, especially, regarding the purity grade of the sample and the solvents. Dealing with unfiltered reagents causes a kind of contamination, which affects the characters of the columns

The Prosody of Harar Oromo Nouns

This paper examines the tone in Harar Oromo, a language widely spoken in Ethiopia. The focus is on tone in nouns. The examination implements acoustic analysis of tone using pitch contours, which helps in determining the type and position of tone in roots and in nominative and accusative case. The results show that roots can have either L or H tone, while case suffixes always have H tone. This suggests that tone is predictable in suffixes, but not in roots. The analysis suggests that Harar Oromo has a restricted tone system that is similar to stress-like languages

Influence of adhesive technique and thermomechanical fatigue on the fracture strength of minimally invasive CAD/CAM occlusal veneers

With the development of new CAD/CAM restorative dental materials, limited data regarding their survival rate and fracture strength are available when they are used as occlusal veneers. Therfore, These materials could be evaluated under conditions similar to those of the oral environment before being recommended for clinical use . For that reason, the influence of thermomechanical fatigue and adhesive bonding technique (etch-and-rinse and self-etching ) on the survivability and fracture strength for four different CAD/CAM materials were evaluated in this study

THE ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF E-COMMERCE TO BOTH CUSTOMERS & BUSINESSES

One of the major new trends affecting the business world, the consumers and the economy is the emergence of e-commerce. In this paper, we will analyze both its advantages and limitations, clarifying the future impacts of this rapidly growing phenomenon. We will clarify the advantages that e-commerce helps businesses achieve, such as increasing their customers, penetrating new markets, reducing financial costs as well as enhancing customer satisfaction levels and retention rates. We will also showcase the various advantages that e-commerce provides customers such as the grater accessibility to a wider variety of products from numerous vendors, enhanced connivance in the shopping experience, as well as grater delight due the personalization features that the digital provides. Finally, we will examine the limitations that e-commerce businesses have that could limit their rapid growth. Such limitations include security and privacy issues as well as the lack of experience and proper infrastructure. This study will examine previous literature to provide a consolidated list of the advantages and limitations that e-commerce has resulted in, for both consumers and businesses

The product Nystr–m method and Volterra-Hammerstien Integral Equation with A Generalized Singular Kernel

In this work, the existence of a unique solution of Volterra-Hammerstein integral equation of the second kind (V-HIESK) is discussed. The Volterra integral term (VIT) is considered in time with a continuous kernel, while the Fredholm integral term (FIT) is considered in position with a generalized singular kernel. Using a numerical technique, V-HIESK is reduced to a nonlinear system of Fredholm integral equations (SFIEs). Using product Nystrom method we have a nonlinear algebraic system of equations. Finally, some numerical examples when the kernel takes the logarithmic, and Carleman forms, are considered

An analysis of grammatical and associated errors found in the writing of third grade Saudi male students in four high schools in the city of Riyadh

The main aim of the thesis is to identify and analyse the types and frequency of grammatical, lexical and general linguistic errors made in the Arabic composition writings of the third year high school students in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This study is to provide information that can be utilised in the improvement of teaching of the grammatical rules of the Arabic language to public school students. The approach is descriptive, analytical and classificatory.Chapter one deals with the research problem, aims and significance of the study, and also discusses the limitations of the study.Chapter two reviews the background to Arabic grammar in the Saudi educational system in the country, particularly in the secondary school system.Chapter three is an extensive literature review on the background of grammatical errors and Arabic grammatical rules.Chapter four examines the prevalence of grammatical errors, their causes and complaints.Chapter five reviews the efforts and attempts to simplify Arabic grammatical rules as a reaction to the dilemma of Arabic grammar and the prevalence of the grammatical errors.Chapter six deals with the research design and methodology of the study undertaken.Chapter seven presents and analysis the main results of this study. It starts with frequency of the grammatical errors and the percentage of the students who committed grammatical errors. This chapter also presents the frequency of types of errors for each grammatical component and finally it highlights the general linguistic errors found in the students' writings.Chapter eight, which is the final chapter, is devoted to a conclusion and implications for practice and future research

Investigating xanthine oxidase toxicity models in cultured cerebellar granule neurons

In the last few decades, evidence has been accumulating for a role for xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)-generated toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a variety of pathological conditions that affect different organ systems. This enzyme in mammals exists in two inter-convertible forms: xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) (the predominant intracellular form under physiological conditions) and xanthine oxidase (XO). A combination of XO and its oxidizable substrate xanthine (X) (or hypoxanthine (HX)) is widely used as a model to produce ROS and to study their effects in a variety of cell culture studies. However, the effect of the combination of XOR and the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in cell cultures is much less studied. NADH is another oxidizable substrate for XOR that binds to a different site on the enzyme from that of X binding. The aim of this project was to investigate some aspects of the in vitro toxicity of XOR, which might provide more insights into its in vivo toxicity. The main investigation was a comparison between the well studied X / XO and the much less studied NADH / XO toxicity models. Also, secondary studies were undertaken to investigate those aspects of X / XO toxicity where there are uncertainties about them. These studies were performed using primary cell cultures. Cell cultures are now widely used to study different diseases, and although they have their drawbacks, they have their advantages over the in vivo studies. For this project, primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) were used. In the beginning, some problems were encountered with CGNs. The main problem was the immediate damage induced to the neurons (including those in the control groups) at the intervention/experiments day (i.e. day 8 or 9 after plating) by manipulating the cultures (i.e. aspirating the culture medium, adding treatment and control vehicles, and adding the restoration medium). After several months of investigation, it was serendipitously discovered that the immediate damage seen in the neurons (including those in the control groups) when they are manipulated at the experiments/intervention day was due to glutamate excitotoxicity (through activating its N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors). The source of glutamate was the fresh serum which is present at 10% V/V in the fresh culture medium that is added to the cultures at that day. After solving this problem, it was possible to conduct reliable experiments to investigate XO toxicity models. Regarding investigating XO toxicity, it was found that both of the X / XO and NADH / XO combinations were toxic to cultures of CGNs. However, the concentration of NADH needed to cause the toxicity was much higher than that of the other substrate, X, which is in agreement with previous cell-free experiments that showed that NADH is a much weaker substrate than X for the bovine milk XO used here. Blocking the site of X binding on XO prevented X / XO toxicity, but did not prevent NADH / XO toxicity. On the other hand, blocking the site of NADH binding prevented both X / XO and NADH /XO toxicities. Another difference between the two systems was that deactivating either superoxide or hydrogen peroxide (both are ROS) generated by XO prevented NADH / XO toxicity, whereas although deactivating hydrogen peroxide prevented X / XO toxicity, deactivating superoxide generated from this combination did not. In the NADH / XO system, an extracellular metal contaminant (likely contaminating XO powder/preparation) seemed to be involved in the toxicity. The two toxicity models were similar in the mediation of toxicity by intracellular iron ion. In X / XO toxicity, although superoxide generated extracellularly from the combination has no role in the toxicity, intracellularly produced superoxide seemed to play a role. Conclusions: 1. Culturing/experimental conditions have been optimised for viability studies in CGNs cultures. 2. The combination of NADH and XO induces damage to CGNs, where although blocking the NADH binding site prevents this damage, blocking the X binding site does not. It is feasible that the oxidation of NADH by some forms of XOR (other than the one used here) that are known to be very efficient in oxidizing NADH might produce in vivo toxicity. 3. A possibility raised by this study is that a metal (like the metal contaminant proposed to play a role in NADH / XO toxicity in this study) might contribute to XOR toxicity in vivo. 4. Intracellular superoxide often mediates XOR toxicity. 5. The results add support to many previous studies which suggested that intracellular hydroxyl radical (or a similar species) is involved in XOR toxicity