A multivariant secure framework for smart mobile health application

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Wiley in Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, available online: https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.3684 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.Wireless sensor network enables remote connectivity of technological devices such as smart mobile with the internet. Due to its low cost as well as easy availability of data sharing and accessing devices, the Internet of Things (IoT) has grown exponentially during the past few years. The availability of these devices plays a remarkable role in the new era of mHealth. In mHealth, the sensors generate enormous amounts of data and the context-aware computing has proven to collect and manage the data. The context aware computing is a new domain to be aware of context of involved devices. The context-aware computing is playing a very significant part in the development of smart mobile health applications to monitor the health of patients more efficiently. Security is one of the key challenges in IoT-based mHealth application development. The wireless nature of IoT devices motivates attackers to attack on application; these vulnerable attacks can be denial of service attack, sinkhole attack, and select forwarding attack. These attacks lead intruders to disrupt the application's functionality, data packet drops to malicious end and changes the route of data and forwards the data packet to other location. There is a need to timely detect and prevent these threats in mobile health applications. Existing work includes many security frameworks to secure the mobile health applications but all have some drawbacks. This paper presents existing frameworks, the impact of threats on applications, on information, and different security levels. From this line of research, we propose a security framework with two algorithms, ie, (i) patient priority autonomous call and (ii) location distance based switch, for mobile health applications and make a comparative analysis of the proposed framework with the existing ones.Published onlin

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

'Statins in retinal disease'

Statins are known for their blood cholesterol-lowering effect and are widely used in patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Research over the past three decades shows that statins have diverse effects on different pathophysiological pathways involved in angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis, and anti-oxidation, leading to new therapeutic options. Recently, statins have attracted considerable attention for their immunomodulatory effect. Since immune reactivity has been implicated in a number of retinal diseases, such as uveitis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy, there is now a growing body of evidence supporting the beneficial effects of statins in these retinopathies. This review evaluates the relationship between statins and the pathophysiological basis of these diseases, focusing on their potential role in treatment. A PubMed database search and literature review was conducted. Among AMD patients, there is inconsistent evidence regarding protection against development of early AMD or delaying disease progression; though they have been found to reduce the risk of developing choroidal neovascular membranes (CNV). In patients with retinal vein occlusion, there was no evidence to support a therapeutic benefit or a protective role with statins. In patients with diabetic retinopathy, statins demonstrate a reduction in disease progression and improved resolution of diabetic macular oedema (DMO). Among patients with uveitis, statins have a protective effect by reducing the likelihood of uveitis development

The global retinoblastoma outcome study : a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

DATA SHARING : The study data will become available online once all analyses are complete.BACKGROUND : Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS : We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS : The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0–36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8–100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5–93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3–82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76–50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8·98; 4·44–18·18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1·38 per year; 1·23–1·56). For children aged 3–7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0·0104 for the change in slope). INTERPRETATION : This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes.The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Wellcome Trust.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/homeam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

Novel dithiocarbamate–Hg(II) complexes containing mixed ligands : synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and H[sub]2 storage capacity

A tetrahedral Hg(II) diethyl dithiocarbamate (Et2Dt) complex containing triphenylphosphine (PPh3) of the composition [HgCl(κ2-Et2Dt)2(PPh3)] (1) is prepared. Furthermore, complex (1) is used as a synthone to prepare a novel series of complexes of the following composition [Hg(Et2Dt)L(PPh3)] {L = saccharinate (2), thiosaccharinate (3), benzisothiazolinate (4), benzothiozole-2-thiolate (5), and benzooxazole-2-thiolate (6) anions}. The resulted complexes (1)–(6) are characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, powder X-ray diffraction, fourier transform Infrared, and NMR (1H and 31P) spectroscopic techniques. The Et2Dt ligand is coordinated as bidentate chelate through the sulfur atoms, whereas the L ligands are bonded as monodentate ligands to afford a tetrahedral geometry around the Hg(II) ion. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm for two of as-prepared complexes (2) and (3) are measured first to get their Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area. Moreover, the mentioned two complexes are evaluated for their ability to store hydrogen gas at 77 K. However, the results of the hydrogen storage tests proved that the selected complexes are all capable of storing hydrogen, but in varying degrees, where complex (2) exhibited a storage capacity of 4.22 wt% under 88 bar

Formation of ortho-cyano-aminothiophenolate ligands with versatile binding modes via facile carbon-sulfur bond cleavage of 2-aminobenzothiazoles at mercury(II) centres

Mercuric acetate and 2-aminobenzothiazoles react to give novel ortho-cyano-aminothiophenolate complexes via sulfur–carbon bond cleavage and H2 loss.</p

New Dual Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Based on Metal Complexes with Schiff-Base 4-Chloro-3-Methyl Phenyl Hydrazine: Synthesis, DFT, Antibacterial Properties and Molecular Docking Studies

This paper explores a dual inhibition of main protease (Mpro) and nonstructural protein 10/nonstructural protein 16 (NSP16) methyltransferase complex as the key targets for COVID-19 therapy. These are based on the new Schiff-base ligand that was obtained from the condensation of (4-chloro-3-methyl phenyl) hydrazine with 2-pyridine-carboxaldehyde and its novel Schiff-base metal complexes. These include Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), Zn(II), and Hg(II). The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. The results suggested that the Schiff-base ligand is coordinated as a bidentate ligand through the nitrogen atoms of the azomethine group and pyridyl ring. In addition, the biological activity of the prepared complexes was examined against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, and the results showed that the Zn(II) complex has the highest activity compared with other compounds. The active sites were found by looking at the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps of the above ligands and complexes. The activity of the compound and its Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes against Mpro and NSP10/ NSP16 was investigated using a molecular docking approach. They showed excellent binding energies ranging from −5.9 to −7.2 kcal/mol and −5.8 to −7.2 for Mpro and NSP16, respectively. All conformers of the metal complexes were docked with the active site of the NSP16 receptor, showing a binding affinity of 100%. According to our knowledge, this was the first report of these metal complexes as dual inhibitors for Mpro and NSP16 of SARS-CoV-2

New Dual Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Based on Metal Complexes with Schiff-Base 4-Chloro-3-Methyl Phenyl Hydrazine: Synthesis, DFT, Antibacterial Properties and Molecular Docking Studies

This paper explores a dual inhibition of main protease (Mpro) and nonstructural protein 10/nonstructural protein 16 (NSP16) methyltransferase complex as the key targets for COVID-19 therapy. These are based on the new Schiff-base ligand that was obtained from the condensation of (4-chloro-3-methyl phenyl) hydrazine with 2-pyridine-carboxaldehyde and its novel Schiff-base metal complexes. These include Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), Zn(II), and Hg(II). The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. The results suggested that the Schiff-base ligand is coordinated as a bidentate ligand through the nitrogen atoms of the azomethine group and pyridyl ring. In addition, the biological activity of the prepared complexes was examined against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, and the results showed that the Zn(II) complex has the highest activity compared with other compounds. The active sites were found by looking at the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps of the above ligands and complexes. The activity of the compound and its Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes against Mpro and NSP10/ NSP16 was investigated using a molecular docking approach. They showed excellent binding energies ranging from &minus;5.9 to &minus;7.2 kcal/mol and &minus;5.8 to &minus;7.2 for Mpro and NSP16, respectively. All conformers of the metal complexes were docked with the active site of the NSP16 receptor, showing a binding affinity of 100%. According to our knowledge, this was the first report of these metal complexes as dual inhibitors for Mpro and NSP16 of SARS-CoV-2

Supramolecular Structure, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, Morphological Study and DFT Calculations of the Triphenyltetrazolium Cobalt Thiocyanate Complex

Polymorphism is a prevalent occurrence in pharmaceutical solids and demands thorough investigation during product development. This paper delves into the crystal growth and structure of a newly synthesized polymorph (TPT)2[CoII(NCS)4], (1), where TPT is triphenyl tetrazolium. The study combines experimental and theoretical approaches to elucidate the 3D framework of the crystal structure, characterized by hydrogen-bonded interactions between (TPT)+ cations and [Co(NCS)4]2− anions. Hirshfeld surface analysis, along with associated two-dimensional fingerprints, is employed to comprehensively investigate and quantify intermolecular interactions within the structure. The enrichment ratio is calculated for non-covalent contacts, providing insight into their propensity to influence crystal packing interactions. Void analysis is conducted to predict the mechanical behavior of the compound. Utilizing Bravais-Friedel, Donnay-Harker (BFDH), and growth morphology (GM) techniques, the external morphology of (TPT)2[CoII(NCS)4] is predicted. Experimental observations align well with BFDH predictions, with slight deviations from the GM model. Quantum computational calculations of the synthesized compounds is performed in the ground state using the DFT/UB3LYP level of theory. These calculations assess the molecule’s stability and chemical reactivity, including the computation of the HOMO-LUMO energy difference and other chemical descriptors. The study provides a comprehensive exploration of the newly synthesized polymorph, shedding light on its crystal structure, intermolecular interactions, mechanical behavior, and external morphology, supported by both experimental and computational analyses