Quantifying the optimal long-run level of government expenditures in Turkey: 1968-2019

Purpose: This paper gauges the nexus between government expenditures and the output level in Turkey. Our primary research objective is to evaluate the extent to which government expenditures give rise to an increase in GDP taking the Armey curve theory as a basis for the analysis. Succinctly speaking, this theory suggests that the expansionary impact of government expenditure on income level has diminishing nature and beyond a certain threshold public spending impairs rather than accelerates economic activities for several reasons including crowding out, rent-seeking, tax hikes, and public debt surges. Methodology: In order to test the validity of this theory, we use a dataset with annual frequency covering the 1968-2019 period, which is the longest dataset used to carry out this analysis in the literature for Turkey. We set up an ARDL model to estimate the long-run coefficients required for quantifying the optimal level of government spending in Turkey. Results: According to our findings, the estimated function exhibits a concave down functional form, which implies a diminishing marginal effect of government spending on GDP, suggesting thereby that the Armey curve theory is valid for Turkey. In addition, even though government expenditure has topped out in recent years, it is still below the GDP maximising optimal level, which indicates that there is sufficient room for expansionary fiscal policies, with the caveat of a potential negative marginal impact on GDP once the optimal threshold is exceeded. Conclusion: The long-run coefficients from the ARDL estimation reveal that despite a consistent upward trend, government expenditures are still below their optimal level, which implies that there is fiscal space available to the government as far as output maximisation is concerned. However, government expenditures have been on a downward trend recently, which is contrary to output maximisation

Behaviour of Magnetized Strange Quark Matter in f(R,T) Theory for General Kantowski-Sachs Model

In this study, we have investigated the behavior of magnetized strange quark matter (MSQM) in f(R,T) gravity for LRS Bianchi I, Bianchi III and Kantowski-Sachs (GKS) universe models with cosmological term. For the solutions of modified field equations, we have used linearly varying deceleration parameter (LVDP), anisotropy parameter and equation of state for strange quark matter. When the models goes to the isotropy magnetic field only occurs in Bianchi III and Kantowski-Sachs universe models. When trarr%253Binfin%253B, strange quark matter distribution behaves like dark energy. The K(theta%253B) parameter, which allows us to obtain different universe models, is effective on the magnetic field, cosmological term and f(R,T) function. In addition, the graphics of the obtained results were examined in detail

Evaluating the open admission practice in vocational colleges (Kirklareli University case)

With a regulation made in 2001, vocational and technical secondary education graduates were given the right to enroll to vocational colleges without taking the national central exam. However, this regulation was repealed in 2016. If the students are placed in an associate degree program in the same field, additional points are added to the points gained from central examination. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the open admission practice which had been going on for more than fifteen years and the abolition of this practice according to the opinions of the academics who work in vocational colleges of Kirklareli University. The data of the research were collected with the help of four open ended questions in written form, with the qualitative research method. The abolition of the open admission practice is evaluated as a positive development by academic stuff of Kirklareli University, in terms of the quality of education and employability. The research findings show that eliminating the open admission practice is a positive practice. According to the findings of the study, was evaluated positively the removal of the open admission practice. Inter-agency cooperation on the issue can be useful

The Effect of "Whatsapp" Usage on the Attitudes of Students Toward English Self-Efficacy and English Courses in Foreign Language Education Outside the School

The aim of this study is to examine if using WhatsApp actively in English outside the school has any effect on the students' attitudes and self-efficacy belief on English course. In this study, a sequential explanatory pattern was used. In order to obtain quantitative data, one group pretest-posttest design was used. The participants consist of 11th grade students studying in an Anatolian High School in the center of Sivas. The implementation of the study lasted eight weeks. In terms of the experiment, WhatsApp meetings were held twice a week for evaluating the achievement of 11th grade English course. "English Self-Efficacy Scale" and "Attitude toward English Scale" were applied before and after the experiment. In addition, semi-structured questionnaire was used in order to get the opinions of the students about the implementation at the end of the experiment. The results of the study revealed that using WhatsApp outside the course leads to a significant differentiation in the self-efficacy beliefs of the students for both reading and listening. The data obtained from qualitative processes also confirm this. In addition, it shows that the practice has a statistically meaningful effect on students' attitudes toward the course. The data obtained from the qualitative processes have proved that the implementation is influential in the emotions such as happiness, joy, excitement, pride and that the students considerably support the use of this implementation

Designing of a New Type Air-Water Cooled Photovoltaic Collector

The importance of photovoltaic-thermal (PV / T) collector systems in renewable energy technologies is increasing for combined hybrid electrical heat applications. The efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems varies between 5-20%. On average, 15% of the solar radiation coming to the PV panel surface is converted to electrical energy and the remainder is lost. In this study, a PV/T collector was designed using two different fluids simultaneously and its efficiency was calculated numerically. PV/T collector systems are specifically designed for agricultural production and their advantages are discussed. In this study, numerical calculations of PV/T collector with a different design have been made. The results were compared with reference to another experimental study. Two different working fluids (air and water) were used in the calculations. The system where air is used as working fluid is called Mode 1 and the system where water is used is called Mode 2. It is aimed to achieve high heat transfer by using water pipes, air ducts and fins placed under PV panels. In this way, it is aimed to produce a more stable hot air and water. In addition, in order to investigate the effect of flow on the yield, different flow rates were calculated. As a result of the theoretical analyses and calculations made in consideration of literature, the total efficiencies of air flow mode (Mode 1) were calculated as 43.2%, 46,2% and 48.7% at 0.0067 kg/s, 0.0072 kg/s and 0.0077 kg/s mass flow rates, respectively. For water flow mode (Mode 2), these values computed as 52.81%, 53.83% and 55.04% at 0.023 kg/s, 0.036 kg/s and 0.054 kg/s mass flow rates, respectively. It was found that PV / T collector efficiency increased with increasing end flow. Designed collector system is preferable in terms of effective use of energy and it can be easily applicable in processes such as hot air-water preparation, drying and greenhouse heating

Comprehensive method for pulse repetition interval modulation recognition for electronic support systems

Bu çalışmada Elektronik Destek sistemleri için Darbe Tekrar Aralığı Modulasyonu Algılama Methodu geliştirilmiştir. Ayrıca ilgili Modulasyonun kritik parametrelerini çıkartma çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Elektronik Harp günümüz koşullarında bir kuvvet çarpanı olarak değerlendirilmekte ve önemini gün geçtikçe arttırmaktadır. Yoğun elektromanyetik sinyal ortamında Elektronik Destek sistemlerin radar parametrelerini algılayıp ilgili parametreleri Elektronik Taarruz sistemleri ile paylaşması beklenmektedir. Radar sistemleri Elektronik Korunma altında algılanmasını veya karıştırılmasını engelleyecek yöntemler uygulamaktadır. Bunlardan bir tanesi ise Darbe Tekrar Aralığına çeşitli modulasyonlar uygulamaktır. Elektronik Taarruz sistemleri tarafından gelişmiş teknikler uygulanabilmesi için bu modulasyonların çözülmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada söz konusu modulasyonların ayırımı kayıp ve hatalı darbeler ve gürültü altında başarı ile sağlanmıştır.This study proposes a method for Pulse Repetition Interval Modulation Recognition for Electronic Support Systems. Also in this study a Pulse Repetition Interval Modulation parameter extraction method has been proposed. Electronic Warfare have been considered as force multiplier with a increasing importance in defence systems. Electronic Support systems supposed to intercept and identify radar systems and hand over the critical information to Electronic Attack systems. Radar Systems employ various techniques to avoid deception or even not intercepted. One of these technique is to use Pulse Repetition Interval Modulations. In order to counter these radar system with advanced Electronic Attack techniques Electronic Support Systems must recognize these modulations. In this study a these modulations have been recognized under miss and spurious pulses and unintentional jitter such as noise

Darbe-eko yöntemi kullanılarak beton yol kalınlığının belirlenmesi.

Traditionally, destructive methods such as coring are used for the condition assessment of an existing concrete structure. Although these methods may yield valid data about the corresponding concrete section, they are quite expensive and time consuming. More important than these, destructive methods damage the structure being investigated and these points usually become focal points for further deterioration. For all these reasons, only a few samples can be collected from a structure and this results in a poor representation of the complete structure. The impact-echo technique is one of the most suitable non-destructive test methods that may be used on concrete for thickness determination or for investigation of possible delaminations in the internal parts of a concrete structure without damaging the surface. It has been observed that reliable results can be obtained quickly. Unlike pulse-echo tests which are commonly used on steel, testing a heterogeneous material like concrete requires the use of low frequency sound waves as in impact-echo, in order to mitigate the effects of paste-aggregate interfaces or small air voids. This method may be used to locate internal cracks or large air voids existing in concrete. It is known that impact-echo has been used successfully on structures with varying geometries and various purposes such as evaluation of concrete pavements, retaining walls and other reinforced concrete sections. Besides the investigation of the internal state, it may also be used when the other side of the section cannot be reached, as in the case of concrete pavements, in order to find the thickness of the section. This is especially important for quality control and for cost calculations. Research conducted in this thesis study was concentrated on the thickness determination of existing concrete pavement sections, produced in the laboratory with dimensions of 1500 x 2000 mm four and varying thicknesses, and the accuracy associated with these results. In order to correctly determine the sensitivity, several other parameters were investigated and optimum ranges were determined for these to be used while on a field test. Among these factors were the steel impactor size, accuracy related to the data acquisition, distance between the impact point and the transducer and the location of the test point. Finally, the accuracy of the impact-echo method for concrete pavement applications was studied. By observing the large number of data points collected, it was found out that an average error of 1.5% exists for a single impact-echo reading regardless of section thickness, but this value reduces to 0.6% when the average of all test results is used while determining pavement thickness. Results of this study show that the impact-echo technique is reliable and may be used with success for the thickness determination of concrete pavements and for locating internal voids.M.S. - Master of Scienc

Investigation of the opinions of secondary education administrators regarding school council implementations

1st International Conference on Lifelong Education and Leadership for All -- OCT 29-31, 2015 -- Palacky Univ, Olomouc, CZECH REPUBLIC -- Moravian Univ Coll OlomoucInvestigation on the viewpoints of secondary-education administrators about school council implementations. The aim of this study is to find out the school administrators appointed in secondary education institutions about school council implementations and to develop suggestions for the school, council to function more properly. The study was carried out with 234 administrators appointed in secondary and high schools in Bahcelievler District of Istanbul in 2014-2015 academic year. Quantitative and Qualitative research methods were used for this study. In order to collect the quantitative data, School Council Implementation Scale Composed of 36 questions was developed and used. Quantitative data was analysed by using t-test and ANOVA techniques. Qualitative data, however, was evaluated by means of content analysis. At the end of the study, the points of School Council Implementation Scale were investigated and no significant difference was found among gender, appointment, seniority, administrator seniority and education levels. Most of the participants pointed out that they agreed the statement of School Council and Administrator may learn new ideas from students. According to most of the participants, since the administrators, parents and students do not have sufficient information about the school council, problems may sometimes arise during the implementation. As there are sometimes problems during the process of school council implementations, it may be helpful if administrators, students and parents are informed, enabled to participate in decisions and be effective in the process of decision-making.WOS:00038250490004