INNOVATION IN POLICING REGARDING EU MEMBERSHIP IN TURKEY: POLICE OFFICERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF COMMUNITY POLICING

ABSTRACT Innovations in Policing regarding EU Membership in Turkey: Police Officers’ Perceptions of Community Policing by Murat Aksoy The Turkish National Police (TNP) has been undergoing continuous reform and reorganization for over a decade, with many new departments and training facilities being set up. As part of this continuous change, a number of innovative initiatives, including community policing, have been introduced in Turkey in the past decade in anticipation of European Union membership. The advent of Community Policing (COP) was announced to the Police Organization, in a circular, by the Turkish Interior Ministry in 2005. In support of this new policy style, studies were also undertaken to run an EU sponsored project titled ‘Community Involvement in Suppression of Crimes’. It is expected that such policies and programmes will contribute to the approach to policing in Turkey. Similar to any other innovative initiative, effective implementation of COP as an innovative style depends on the police officers’ perceptions and acceptance in particular and the police organisation in general. However, to date, no empirical studies have been conducted to examine officers’ perceptions of community policing nationwide. The aim of this study, therefore, is to examine the perceived effectiveness of COP at the individual level through the expressed perceptions of participating police officers. In addition, this study also aims to identify the selected demographic and experiential variables, which determine the level of effectiveness of COP from the viewpoint of the police officers on the ground. In order to fulfil these aims, this study is constructed as an explorative case study for which primary data is collected through a questionnaire survey administered with 290 law enforcement community police officers from 16 cities across Turkey. Statistical methods are employed to analyse the primary data. The findings from the OLS regression analysis demonstrate that COP has the potential to be implemented in Turkey. After creating dependent and one independent variable using factor analysis, the results reveals that COP officers strongly support the program and they have positive perceptions of it. In addition, the majority of the participating COP officers are in support of the EU process to help the changing environment in Turkey, particularly in the Police service. The OLS model I identifies six variables with a statistically significant relationship. These variables are: ‘European Union’, ‘fear of crime’, ‘years of experience’, ‘volunteer or assigned’, ‘education’ and ‘proportion of COP to traditional policing’. The OLS model II reveals that there is a significant relationship in city size (population). In addition, the Black Sea, East Anatolia, and Aegean regions are statistically associated with the effectiveness of COP which means there are no differences according to region in Turkey. The findings of the study also rendered useful information for future developments. It can be concluded that the findings of this study can be expected to help practitioners, policymakers, and researchers for the development of future policies in the field

Histopathologic Evaluation of Acneiform Eruptions: Practical Algorithmic Proposal for Acne Lesions

Acneiform lesions are encountered in different chapters in various dermatology and dermatopathology textbooks. The most common titles used for these disorders are diseases of the hair, diseases of cutaneous appendages, folliculitis, acne, and inflammatory lesions of dermis and epidermis. In this chapter, first of all we will discuss folliculitis, and then acne vulgaris that is a kind of folliculitis will be described. After acne vulgaris, other acneiform eruptions and demodicosis will be studied. At the end, simple algorithmic schemes by assembling clinical, pathological, and microbiological data will be shared

Kimyasal Rafinasyon Aşamalarının Mısır Yağındaki Bazı Mikro ve Makro Element Içeriği ve Kalite Parametrelerine Etkisi

In this study, it was aimed to determine some element contents and some quality properties and tocompare these parameters at each stage in the chemically refining process of crude corn oil. Color(lovibond tintometer), free fatty acidity, peroxide values and fatty acid compositions were determinedin the samples of corn oil taken from consecutive stages of chemically refining. Also, the content ofelements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, Zn, Co, Cr, P, Cu) was analyzed, by using inductivelycoupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively-coupled plasma-optical emissionspectrometry (ICP-OES) after microwave digestion. The color (Lovibond tintometer), free fattyacidity and peroxide values in the chemically refining process varied between 2.7-16, %0.09-2.12,10.95-1.08 mEqO2/kg, respectively. Oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid contents changed between30.486-30.580%, 54.339-54.703% and 0.972-0.993%, respectively, in the chemically refining stages.While no trans fatty acids detected in crude corn oil and after degumming-neutralization step, verylow amount of trans oleic acid (0.040%) and total trans linoleic acid (0.132%) was detected inbleached corn oil. The total trans fatty acid content little more increased in the last stage of thechemically refining. However, total trans fatty acid content of refined corn oil was < 0.3%. It wasclearly seen that Na, Mg, K, P, Ca, Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu element contents decreased significantlyat the end of the chemically refining process. Although Cd, Co and Zn elements were determined incrude corn oil, these elements were not detected in the refined corn oil. The results obtained showedthat the chemically refining process effected some of the quality properties of corn oil and especiallythe changes in the element contentsBu çalışmada, hammısır yağının kimyasalrafinasyon prosesisürecinde bazı element içerikleri ile bazı kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve bu parametrelerin her rafinasyon aşamasında karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Kimyasal rafinasyonun aşamalarından alınan mısır yağı örneklerinde renk (lovibond tintometre), serbest yağ asitliği, peroksit değerleri ve yağ asidi bileşimleri tespit edildi. İlave olarak, indüktif eşleşmiş plazma/optik emisyon spektroskopisi (ICP-OES) ve indüktif eşleşmiş plazma/kütle spektroskopisi (ICPMS) cihazlarında element (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, Zn, Co, Cr, P, Cu) analizleri yapıldı. Kimyasal rafinasyon sürecinde renk (Lovibond tintometer), serbest yağ asitliği ve peroksit değerleri sırasıyla 2.7-16, %0.09-2.12, 1.08-10.95 mEqO2/kg aralığında değişim gösterdi. Oleik, linoleik ve linolenik asit içerikleri kimyasal rafinasyon aşamalarında sırasıyla %30.580-30.486, %54.703-54.164 ve %0.993- 0.972 aralığında değişti. Ham mısır yağında ve gum giderme-nötralizasyon aşamasından sonra trans yağ asidi belirlenemez iken, ağartılmış mısır yağında çok düşük miktarlarda trans oleik asit (%0.040) ve toplam trans linoleik asit (%0.132) tespit edildi. Toplam trans yağ asidi içeriği kimyasal rafinasyonun son aşamasında bir miktar artış gösterdi. Bununla birlikte, toplam trans yağ asidi içeriği %3’ün altında kaldı. Kimyasal rafinasyon işlemi sonunda Na, Mg, K, P, Ca, Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu element içeriklerinin çok önemli düzeyde azaldığı açık bir şekilde görüldü. Cd, Co ve Zn elementleri ham mısır yağında tespit edilmesine rağmen ise rafine mısır yağında bu elementler tespit edilemedi. Elde edilen sonuçlar kimyasal rafinasyonu prosesinin mısır yağının bazı kalite özelliklerine ve bilhassa element içeriklerine etkili olduğunu gösterdi

Ecoles préparatoires attitudes envers les médias sociaux pour apprendre l'anglais

The aim of this study is to analyse the attitude of preparatory school students towards social media in learning English in terms of different variables. In this study, the survey method, which is one of the types of qualitative research, was used. The study group comprised 220 beginner and intermediate-level students studying at the Preparatory School of Near East University. An attitude scale for the attitudes towards social media in learning English, which was devised by the researchers used to collect data for the research. Consequent to the study, it was observed that the students who took part in the study used social media sites frequently in order to improve their foreign language by watching TV programmes, series and videos in English language as well as to find about English words which they are not familiar with. It was also stated that the social media application used most frequently by the students was “Facebook”. It was finally found out that the attitude of the students towards social media in learning English was positive and it is independent of gender, having a social media account and web page, the frequency of using social media environments and the time spent online.Le but de cette étude est d'analyser l'attitude des élèves des classes préparatoires envers les médias sociaux pour apprendre l'anglais en fonction de différentes variables. Dans cette étude, la méthode d’enquête, qui est l’un des types de recherche qualitative, a été utilisée. Le groupe d’étude comprenait 220 étudiants débutants et intermédiaires de l’école préparatoire de l’Université du Proche-Orient. Une échelle d'attitude pour les attitudes vis-à-vis des médias sociaux dans l'apprentissage de l'anglais, qui a été conçue par les chercheurs et utilisée pour collecter des données pour la recherche. Suite à l’étude, il a été observé que les étudiants qui participaient à l’étude utilisaient fréquemment des sites de médias sociaux afin d’améliorer leur langue étrangère en regardant des programmes télévisés, des séries et des vidéos en langue anglaise, ainsi que de rechercher des mots anglais ils ne sont pas familiers avec. Il a également été déclaré que l’application de média social utilisée le plus souvent par les étudiants était «Facebook». Il a finalement été découvert que l’attitude des étudiants à l’égard des médias sociaux dans l’apprentissage de l’anglais était indépendante du sexe, qu’elle disposait d’un compte et d’une page Web sur les médias sociaux, de la fréquence d’utilisation des environnements de médias sociaux et du temps passé en ligne

Lipoleiomyoma of the Uterus

Lipoleiomyomas are uncommon benign neoplasms of uterus consisting of variable portions of mature lipocytes and smooth muscle cells. These tumours generally occur in asymptomatic obese perimenopausal or menopausal women. In this paper, a case of lipoleiomyoma uteri in a 53-year old menopausal woman is presented.peer-reviewe

Laterality Does Not Affect the Depth Perception, but Interpupillary Distance

In this study, which investigates the relationship between the levels of stereopsis with eye and hand dominance or interpupillary distance, 120 healthy young volunteers were investigated. Eye dominance was determined by modified Miles technique following a complete eye examination. Handedness was assessed with the Edinburgh handedness inventory. Interpupillary distance was measured with millimetric ruler. Stereoacuity was measured in both contour (Titmus test) and random dot (TNO test) stereograms. The stereopsis scores were evaluated in terms of hand or eye dominance. The correlation between stereopsis score and interpupillary distance was assessed. Main outcome measures were stereopsis scores according to hand and eye dominance. As a result, right- and left-handed individuals showed no differences in terms of stereopsis. No differences were found in stereopsis scores between right- and left-eye dominant people. There was a correlation between interpupillary distance and the depth of stereopsis (r=-0.248,P<0.05). Contrary to the expectation, the left and right dominant individuals did not differ in levels of stereopsis. Interpupillary distance has a positive effect on stereopsis

Investigation of metallo beta lactamases and oxacilinases in carbapenem resistant acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from inpatients

Background: Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is widespread among Acinetobacter strains. Plasmid-mediated metallo beta lactamases (MBL) are responsible for carbapenem resistance, as are oxacillinases (OXA). In recent years, MBL producing carbapenem-resistant strains have been reported in the world and in Turkey in increasing rates. In our country, besides the OXA 51- like enzyme which is inherent in A. baumannii strains, OXA 58-like and OXA 23-like carbapenemases producing strains have also been widely detected. In addition, Verona Imipenemase (VIM) and (IMP)-type MBL have been reported in some centers. Aims: The aim of our study was to investigate the presence of carbapenemases in Acinetobacter strains isolated from hospitalized patients in Edirne. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 52 imipenem-resistant A. baumannii strains isolated between January and March 2013 were investigated. The presence of MBL was described phenotypically by the combined disk diffusion test (CDDT), double disk synergy test (DDST), MBL E- test (only performed in 28 strains) and modified Hodge test. blaIMP , blaVIM, blaGIM, blaSIM, blaSPM genes and blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, blaOXA-40, blaOXA-58 genes were inves- tigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The blaNDM-1 gene was determined by PCR. Results: By modified Hodge test, 50 strains (96%) were found to be MBL positive. Positivity of MBL was 21% by both CDDT (0.1 M EDTA) and DDST. Twen- ty-four of 28 strains (85.7%) were positive by MBL E-test. OXA 23-like and OXA 51-like carbapenemases were detected in all strains, but OXA 58-like and OXA 40-like carbapenemases-producing A. baumannii were not detected. Also, MBL genes were not detected by genotypic methods. Conclusion: Only OXA 23-like carbapenemase was responsible for carbapenem resistance in carbapenem- resistant Acinetobacter strains in Edirne. The MBL- producing Acinetobacter strain is not yet a problem in our hospital. MBL resistance was found by phenotyp- ing tests, which must be confirmed by genotypic meth- ods; multiplex PCR tests can be easily used for screen- ing MBL

Managing knowledge for business excellence: Knowledge Focused Six Sigma (KFSS)

Altı Sigma programını hayata ge&ccedil;irmeye karar veren kuruluşlar, programın başarısı i&ccedil;in gerekli bilgiyi elde etme ve i&ccedil;selleştirme ihtiyacı duyarlar. Altı Sigma i&ccedil;in belirlenen kritik başarı fakt&ouml;rlerinin yanı sıra bilgi y&ouml;netimi prensiplerinin g&ouml;z &ouml;n&uuml;nde bulundurulduğu sistematik bir uygulama, programın başarısına katkıda bulunacaktır. Bu ama&ccedil;la, m&uuml;şterinin sesinden başlayarak s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerde yapılacak d&uuml;zenlemelere kadar, tasarım &ouml;ğeleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesine ve b&ouml;ylece sorunsuz tasarımlar yapılmasına destek veren Aksiyomlarla Tasarım y&ouml;nteminin kullanılması kararlaştırılmıştır. Aksiyomlarla Tasarım y&ouml;ntemi kullanılarak, Altı Sigma Altyapısının isterleri, bileşenleri ve bilgi s&uuml;re&ccedil;leri arasında ilişkiler matrisler yardımıyla incelenmiş ve tasarım &ouml;ğeleri Aksiyomlarla Tasarım prensiplerine uygun şekilde d&uuml;zenlenmiştir. Bu d&uuml;zenleme ile Yayılım, İyileştirme ve İ&ccedil;selleştirme kriterlerini i&ccedil;eren Bilgi Odaklı Altı Sigma (BOAS) metodolojisi ortaya &ccedil;ıkmıştır. BOAS metodolojisi ile Altı Sigma programı kritik başarı fakt&ouml;rlerinin g&ouml;z &ouml;n&uuml;nde bulundurularak Altı Sigma altyapısının isterlerinin hayata ge&ccedil;irilmesi i&ccedil;in odaklanılması gereken bilgi s&uuml;re&ccedil;leri ile iyileştirmeye a&ccedil;ık alanlar ve olası etkileri g&ouml;r&uuml;lebilmektedir. Kuruluşların Altı Sigma programlarını değerlendirmelerine imk&acirc;n veren BOAS metodolojisi, Yayılım, İyileştirme ve İ&ccedil;selleştirme kriterleri i&ccedil;in yaklaşımların değerlendirilmesine y&ouml;nelik nasıl soruları ve sonu&ccedil;ların değerlendirilmesine y&ouml;nelik g&ouml;stergeleri i&ccedil;ermektedir. Yaklaşım ve sonu&ccedil;lar i&ccedil;in elde edilen puanlar, aksiyomlarla tasarım y&ouml;ntemi ile ilişkilerin incelenmesi sırasında kullanılan matrislerden elde edilen ağırlıklarla &ccedil;arpılarak toplanmakta ve kuruluş i&ccedil;in Altı Sigma Entelekt&uuml;el Sermayesi hesaplanmaktadır. &nbsp;Anahtar Kelimeler: Bilgi y&ouml;netimi, Altı Sigma, aksiyomlarla tasarım, entelekt&uuml;el sermaye.Fierce competition forces organisations to implement various improvement methodologies at a time. However, each of these methodologies proposes their own approach or philosophy. The situation may be confusing for the decision makers as they may confront different roadmaps for similar objectives. In order to make best use of scarce resources, strategies should be formulated for aligning these methodologies. Leadership must give careful thought as to how the various overlapping activities can best be organised to optimise their impact on performance. It is observed that many organisations pursuing a methodology for designing and improving their processes decide to apply Six Sigma. Six Sigma enables organisations improve their processes and produce value added, low-cost products and services by using statistical tools within a structured roadmap. Statistically, six sigma means 3.4 defects per million opportunities, whereas in management terms, Six Sigma is an improvement methodology, which aims to reduce the cost of poor quality and increase profitability by exceeding customer expectations through focusing on the effectiveness and efficiency of the processes. Six Sigma leads to a cultural transition, as it underpins solving problems by means of data driven scientific tools. Naturally, organisations, deciding to start a Six Sigma program, need to acquire the essential knowledge about the tools and create a suitable environment for the cultural transition. Organisations initiating an intensive program like Six Sigma usually have to buy the knowledge and make costly consultancy investments while deploying the program all through the organisation. They need to define new roles and responsibilities and try to manage projects systematically in order to increase the efficiency of methodology. The need for an infrastructure to maximise the benefits and to internalise the methodology emerges eventually. Practitioners have pursued a systematic approach in order to align the program with the corporate culture; accordingly, researchers have made various publications, listing the critical success factors of a successful Six Sigma deployment, or the reasons of a failing Six Sigma program. Unfortunately, most of these valuable studies neither enlighten the practitioners about the relations or the sequence of the factors nor introduce an approach, which is systematically designed, for instance, by using a methodology adopted also by Six Sigma. As a result, to design the new methodology, it is decided to use axiomatic design, a design methodology, which is also one of the tools mentioned in Design For Six Sigma (DFSS), so that the relations among critical success factors, the requirements from the Six Sigma infrastructure, the components of the Six Sigma infrastructure and knowledge processes can be elucidated for the practitioners. The methodology, designed using axiomatic design, is called Knowledge Focused Six Sigma(KFSS). The criteria of KFSS are defined in accordance with the components of the design. The criterion for "creating Six Sigma deployment knowledge" by using "upper management support" for "deploying the Six Sigma program" is called the "Initiate" criterion. How "Six Sigma knowledge, created within 'Six Sigma projects', is applied" for "improving processes", is studied within the "Improve" criterion. The "Internalise" criterion focuses on "utilising Six Sigma deployment and training knowledge" within "an accepted and customised Six Sigma program" for "internalising the methodology". KFSS methodology comprises two parts for assessing Six Sigma Intellectual Capital: Approaches and Results. For assessing the approaches, how questions are asked. The questions are designed to explore the implementation level of relevant knowledge process in order to achieve requirements from the Six Sigma infrastructure. Answers for how questions are scored by using the scoring guidelines provided for three dimensions: quality, systematic approach and deployment. For assessing results, a set of predefined indicators is used. The indicators are grouped as effect, activity and resource indicators. Effect indicators focus on "what happens", whereas activities indicators focus on "what is done" and resources indicators focus on "what is created". All indicators are arranged in order to make 100 the best performance. Result scores are granted in line with the performance of the organisation for these indicators. By using approach and result scores and the weights calculated through relationship matrices, Six Sigma Innovation Capital, Six Sigma Process Capital, Six Sigma Human and Relationship Capital are calculated. Six Sigma Intellectual Capital is calculated In line with the defined importance for Six Sigma Innovation Capital, Six Sigma Process Capital and Six Sigma Human and Relationship Capital. Keywords: Knowledge management, Six Sigma, axiomatic design, intellectual capital

Evaluation of paediatric blunt abdomen trauma patients presenting to the emergency room

INTRODUCTION: In paediatric cases, trauma remains the most cause of morbidity and disability. Although abdominal trauma is observed less frequently in paediatric cases than isolated head trauma, it is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Previous studies at the national level have either focused on blunt abdominal trauma in all age groups or other traumas at paediatric level. The studies targeting solely paediatric abdominal blunt trauma cases have not yet been evaluated. The aim of this study was to analyse and report the demographic characteristics, causes of trauma, developed pathologies, treatment approaches, and mortality rates in patients presenting to our emergency department with blunt abdominal trauma.  MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study was designed as a retrospective study of 36 paediatric patients admitted to the Emergency Department of Kars Harakani State Hospital with blunt abdominal trauma between 2018 and 2019.  RESULTS: In the abdominal region, the most commonly injured organ was the liver (22 cases, 52.4%), while 13 (31%) cases had splenic trauma. Thirty-one (73.8%) patients had other body injuries in addition to the abdominal trauma, the most common of which were fractures (15 patients, 35.7%) and lung traumas (12 patients, 28.6%).  CONCLUSIONS: The organs that are damaged during the injury and the parameters that can be used to detect them provide important data for the rapid interference and treatment of life-threatening situations.