UTILIZATION OF ION-PAIR COMPLEX FORMATION FOR THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SOME ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS

Objective: A new, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of some antidepressant drugs, namely desvenlafaxine (DSV), dapoxetine (DAP) and citalopram (CIT) in pharmaceutical formulations.Methods: The proposed method was based on the formation of yellow colored ion-pair complex between the studied drugs and two sulphonphthalein dyes viz., bromophenol blue (BPB), and bromothymol blue (BTB) in acidic medium. The optimizations of the reaction conditions were investigated. Beer's law limits, Sandell's sensitivity, correlation coefficient, detection, and quantification limits were calculated.Results: The formed complexes showed absorption maxima at 412 nm and 410 nm measured for all the drugs with BPB and BTB, respectively. The Job's method of continuous variations indicated that a single l: l ion-pair complex was formed. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.8–11.4, 0.8–6.4 and 0.8–8.0 μg/ml for DSV, DAP and CIT, respectively.Conclusion: The proposed method has been applied successfully for the analysis of the investigated drugs in pure and in their dosage forms. No interference was observed from common excipients present in pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method is suitable for quality control applications.Keywords: Desvenlafaxine, Dapoxetine, Citalopram, Sulphonphthalein dyes, Extraction spectrophotometry, Pharmaceutical formulation

Single-photon optomechanics in the strong coupling regime

We give a theoretical description of a coherently driven opto-mechanical system with a single added photon. The photon source is modeled as a cavity which initially contains one photon and which is irreversibly coupled to the opto-mechanical system. We show that the probability for the additional photon to be emitted by the opto-mechanical cavity will exhibit oscillations under a Lorentzian envelope, when the driven interaction with the mechanical resonator is strong enough. Our scheme provides a feasible route towards quantum state transfer between optical photons and micromechanical resonators.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure

Effect of Drinking Water Hardness on Kidney Stones Formation in Ranya District

This study was conducted in Rania District, Raparin University, during September 2018–March 2019, to test the relation between water hardness and kidney stone formation. The investigation depended on questionnaire form which was distributed on 100 person in Raparin (Rania, Hajiawa, and Chwarqurna) and patients whom vested the Rania clinical during December 1, 2018–January 22, 2019 which were 238 patients and only 20 of them had kidney stones developing which represent 8.4% of the total kidney diseases. The results indicated to significant effect of gender at level of significant 5% on kidney stones formation, 10% of male, and 18% of female having kidney stones. The results of Chi-square test indicated to highly significant effect of age on kidney stone formation at level of significant (0.001). The kidney stone formation increased from 19.23% to 75% with an increase in age class from (14–34) to (54 or more) year. The negative correlation coefficient value of (r = −0.63*) was recorded between water hardness and stone risk index due to the high magnesium content of drinking water in the studied area

Response of Local rice cultivar to Zinc and Boron application

Five levels of Zn-EDTA fertilizer and foliar application of boron were used to study the local rice response through studying of some vegetative and reproductive growth characters, by conducting two field experiments at Kanipanka Agricultural Research Station during the summer season of 2004 by using RCBD with three replications. Significant differences were found in studied characters, there were increase in the number of days from seeding to 50% flowering (94.330-96.233) days, from 50% flowering to physiological maturity (37.50-38.28) days, plant height (82.50-91.423) cm and LAI (5.441-7.525). Reproductive characters such as number of grains panicle-1 (74.11-85.88), number of panicles m-2 (321.00-426.083), biological yield (8166.166-11082.600) kg ha-1 and yield which increased from 3101.333 to 3862.166 kg ha-1 as Zn level increased from fo to f5, but in exp. No 2 although final yield increased from 3100.333 to 3791.500 kg ha-1, but there was increasing in sterility% from 15 for fo to 27 for f5 with boron foliar application. Results of the study indicate to positive response of local rice cultivars to zinc application due to the lack in zinc availability in sulaimani region

EXTRACTIVE-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SOME ANTIMUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST IN TABLET FORMULATIONS USING ERIOCHROME CYANINE R

Objective: To develop and validate simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the assay of four antimuscarinic antagonists, namely oxybutynin (OXB), solifenacin (SOL), tolterodine (TOL) and fesoterodine (FES) in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.Methods: The proposed method is based on the reaction of the selected drugs with eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) in buffered aqueous solution at pH 1.0. The formed ion-pair complexes were extracted with dichloromethane and measured quantitatively with maximum absorption at 464 nm. All variables that affect on color intensity such as pH, buffer volume and concentration of ECR and extractive solvents were studied and optimized.Results: The calibration graphs were linear over the concentration range of 4–24, 4–32, 4–32 and 2–22 mg/ml for OXB, SOL, TOL and FES, respectively. The stoichiometry of the reaction was found to be 1:1 in all cases. Molar absorptivity values were found to be 2.043×104, 1.856×104, 1.798×104 and 2.856×104 l/mol/cm for OXB, SOL, TOL and FES, respectively. Excipients which used as an additive in commercial formulations did not interfere in the analysis.Conclusion: The developed method was successfully applied to determine OXB, SOL, TOL and FES in pharmaceutical preparations. The developed method can be used for quality control and routine analysis where time, cost effectiveness and high specificity of analytical technique are of great importance

Quantum interference in optical fields and atomic radiation

We discuss the connection between quantum interference effects in optical beams and radiation fields emitted from atomic systems. We illustrate this connection by a study of the first- and second-order correlation functions of optical fields and atomic dipole moments. We explore the role of correlations between the emitting systems and present examples of practical methods to implement two systems with non-orthogonal dipole moments. We also derive general conditions for quantum interference in a two-atom system and for a control of spontaneous emission. The relation between population trapping and dark states is also discussed. Moreover, we present quantum dressed-atom models of cancellation of spontaneous emission, amplification on dark transitions, fluorescence quenching and coherent population trapping.Comment: To be published in Journal of Modern Optics Special Issue on Quantum Interferenc

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Cycles and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Trees

Connectivity has an important role in neural networks, computer network, and clustering. In the design of a network, it is important to analyze connections by the levels. The structural properties of intuitionistic fuzzy graphs provide a tool that allows for the solution of operations research problems. In this paper, we introduce various types of intuitionistic fuzzy bridges, intuitionistic fuzzy cut vertices, intuitionistic fuzzy cycles, and intuitionistic fuzzy trees in intuitionistic fuzzy graphs and investigate some of their interesting properties. Most of these various types are defined in terms of levels. We also describe comparison of these types

Macroscopic superpositions via nested interferometry: finite temperature and decoherence considerations

Recently there has been much interest in optomechanical devices for the production of macroscopic quantum states. Here we focus on a proposed scheme for achieving macroscopic superpositions via nested interferometry. We consider the effects of finite temperature on the superposition produced. We also investigate in detail the scheme's feasibility for probing various novel decoherence mechanisms.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figure

Influence of Ply Stacking Sequences on the Impact Response of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Laminates

© 2019 The Author(s). This an open access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.In recent years, there has been a growing demand for high strength-to-weight ratio and lightweight structures in several applications, such as wind energy, automotive, aerospace, telecommunication and construction industries. Carbon fibre reinforced polymeric (CFRP) composite is one of the promising materials with aforementioned inherent properties and applications. These properties vary with different techniques of their manufacturing, such as stacking sequence. Hence, it is germane and important to conduct an extensive study to investigate the effect of stacking sequences on the properties of CFRP composites. Consequently, this paper experimentally investigated the influence of different ply stacking sequences on quasi-static low-velocity impact behaviour of approximately 150 x 130 x 2 mm CFR epoxy composite laminates, manufactured by hand lay-up technique. Five different stacking sequences, denoted as samples A, B, C, E and F were tested under impact loads of 2.00, 2.25 and 2.50 kN. The results showed that the Sample A with stacking sequence of [90/±45/0]s exhibited the highest impact resistance under a maximum load of 2.50 kN before it finally fractured at a maximum displacement of nearly 10.20 mm, prior to an inter-ply delamination occurrence at displacement of approximately 5.50 mm. Similarly stacked sample B recorded the lowest inter-ply delamination damage, while sample C exhibited highest delamination damage. Both samples E and F exhibited similar impact properties. Moreover, samples A, B and C absorbed impact energies of 17.50, 6.25 and 14.13 J, respectively. Conclusively, sample A with highest impact resistance and absorbed energy is hereby recommended, been a promising material for engineering application within the test conditions and parameters, especially under a low-velocity impact load.Peer reviewe

Exogenous application of humic acid mitigates salinity stress in maize (Zea mays L.) plants by improving some key physico-biochemical attributes

Application of salt stress (100 mM) through root growing medium caused a considerable decrease in plant fresh and dry biomass, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll contents, leaf water potential, and leaf Ca, K, P and N concentrations of two maize cultivars (Apex 836 and DK 5783). However, salt-induced increase was observed in leaf osmolality (LO), proline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), Na+ concentration and activities of enzymatic antioxidants, such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Of five humic acid (HA) levels used under non-stress and stress conditions in an initial experiment, 100 mg L−1 was chosen for subsequent studies. Exogenous application of humic acid (HA) at the rate of 100 mM as a foliar or pre-sowing seed treatment significantly increased the plant biomass, Fv/Fm, chlorophyll pigments and proline contents, while it considerably reduced the leaf water potential, H2O2 and MDA contents as well as the activities of all the afore-mentioned enzymatic antioxidants. Of both modes of exogenous treatment, foliar spray was better in improving plant biomass, chlorophyll contents, LO, leaf Na+ as well as the accumulation of all nutrients measured, however, in contrast, seed pre-treatment was more effective in altering leaf proline, H2O2 and MDA contents. Of both maize cultivars, cv. DK 5783 excelled in plant biomass, chlorophyll contents and leaf N, Ca and K concentrations as well as in the activities of all three antioxidant enzymes, whereas cv. Apex 836 was superior in leaf Na+ and P concentrations, H2O2 and MDA contents. Cv. DK 5783 was comparatively better in salt tolerance as compared to cv. Apex 836. Overall, exogenous application of HA was effective in improving salinity tolerance of maize plants which can be attributed to HA-induced increase in plant biomass, chlorophyll contents, mineral nutrients and activities of key antioxidant enzymes