Impacts socio-économiques sur les cuniculteurs de la vaccination des lapins contre les coccidioses intestinales au Bénin

Les coccidioses constituent l’une des maladies les plus meurtrières chez les lapins. Pour mieux contrôler cette affection, une prophylaxie vaccinale est mise au point. La réussite d’une telle innovation passe par la perception des cuniculteurs. Ainsi, la présente étude a été entreprise afin de déterminer les facteurs favorisant l’adoption par les éleveurs de la vaccination des lapins contre les coccidioses. Les enquêtes menées auprès des cuniculteurs ont révélé que 100% d’entre eux ont une opinion favorable du vaccin. De même, 83,3% des éleveurs ont affirmé que le vaccin était efficace. Par ailleurs, 80% des éleveurs ont déclaré connaître la coccidiose. Parmi ceux-ci, 62,5% avait bien décrit les signes cliniques de la coccidiose. L’étude économique a montré que la vaccination engendre un bénéfice net de 123,2 F CFA par lapin comparativement aux lapins non vaccinés. La vaccination s’avère efficace et est bien appréciée par les utilisateurs. Son adoption contribuera à améliorer les conditions de vie des cuniculteurs.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Oryctolagus cuniculus, cuniculture, coccidies, prophylaxie, immunisation, adoptionEnglish Title:  Socio-economic effects on the rabbit breeders of rabbit’s vaccination against intestinal coccidiosis in BeninEnglish AbstractCoccidiosis is recognized as being one of the major serious diseases in rabbit breeding. For a better control of this disease, a vaccination program is set up. The perception of the rabbit breeders determines the success of this innovation. Thus, this study was undertaken in order to determine the factors which favour the adoption of the rabbit vaccination against coccidiosis by the rabbit breeders. Survey performed on rabbit  breeding revealed that 100% of the breeders included in the survey thought that vaccine is useful for the control of coccidiosis. An average of 83.3% of breeders has reported that the use of vaccine was effective to control coccidiosis. Likewise among rabbit breeders included in the study, an average of 80% has been reported to know coccidiosis. Among those breeders, an average of 62.6% was reported to know well clinical symptoms of coccidiosis. Economical study carried out on rabbit breeding showed that vaccine involves a net profit of 132.2 F CFA per vaccinated rabbit compared to non vaccinated rabbits. Vaccine turns out to an effective control of coccidiosis in rabbit and was well appreciated by the breeders. Its adoption will help improving rabbit breeders’ life.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Oryctolagus cuniculus, rabbit breeding, coccidia, prevention, immunization, adoptio

La Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA) comme un moyen de reverdir le bassin arachidier au Sénégal : cas du terroir de Khatre Sy

Au Sénégal, le bassin arachidier est confronté à une réduction de la  couverture végétale exposant les sols à l’érosion éolienne et hydrique, à la baisse de la fertilité des sols, à la rareté du bois de chauffe. Face à cette situation, les populations ont réagi dans le terroir de Khatre Sy avec l’appui du Projet de Reboisement Villageois du Nord Bassin Arachidier  (PREVINOBA) en faisant la Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA). Cette étude évalue l’impact de la RNA sur le reverdissement du terroir de Khatre Sy. Les résultats d’inventaire montrent la présence de dix-sept espèces appartenant à onze familles dominées par les Combretaceae et les Balanitaceae. L’analyse de variance des paramètres structuraux indique une différence significative entre les arbres de la parcelle mise en défens et ceux des champs avec RNA pour le diamètre moyen du tronc et leur hauteur moyenne. Dans la mise en défens, la fréquence des arbres répond à une distribution en « L » décroissante, alors que, pour celle des champs avec RNA, il s’agit d’une distribution «en cloche ». L’ensemble du terroir de Khatre Sy présente une bonne capacité de régénération. La RNA a permis d’améliorer la densité des arbres dans les champs ouvrant de bonnes perspectives pour le reverdissement du bassin arachidier.Mots clés : Régénération naturelle assistée, reverdissement, bassin arachidier, Sénégal

Performances laitiere et economique des vaches metisses (gir x borgou) complementees avec la dreche de sorgho au paturage a panicum maximum C1 dans le nord-Benin

Dans les pays en développement, la demande en lait et produits laitiers ne cesse de croître. Pour cela, une expérimentation a été menée à la Ferme d’Elevage d’Okpara (FEO) au Bénin pour évaluer l’effet de la complémentation à base de la drêche de sorgho sur les performances laitières et économiques des vaches allaitantes (Gir x Borgou). Cette étude a porté sur 21 femelles âgées de 6,33 ± 0,57 ans dont le numéro de lactation est égal à 2,33 ± 0,57. Ces animaux ont été répartis en trois lots homogènes (lot 1 ; lot 2 et lot 3) de 7 animaux chacun, recevant respectivement 0, 1 et 2 kg de complément. L’aliment de base de ces animaux était le Panicum maximum var. C1 du pâturage. Les performances laitières étaient suivies pendant 98 jours. Après l’analyse de variance (ANOVA) à un effet sur le logiciel Minitab 17, les valeurs moyennes ont été comparées par le test de Tukey. En moyenne, le lot 1 a produit 1,14 ± 0,44 kg de lait par jour (kg lait/jour) ; le lot 2, 2,03 ± 0,54 kg lait/jour et le lot 3, 3,00 ± 0,41 kg lait/jour. Ces données sont significativement différentes (P<0,05) d’un lot à un autre. Les efficacités alimentaires ont été respectivement de 2,11 ± 0,03 et 1,61 ± 0,02 chez les lots complémentés. En investissant 100 F CFA dans la complémentation avec la drêche de sorgho, l’éleveur gagne 190 F CFA et 406 F CFA respectivement au niveau des lots 2 et 3. L’utilisation de la drêche de sorgho dans l’alimentation des vaches métisses pour la production de lait est donc très bénéfique. Mots clés : Vaches métisses, pâturage, drêche de sorgho, performances, Nord-Bénin.  English Title:  Dairy and economic performance of mixed cows (gir x borgou) complemented with sorgho brewer’s on <i>Panicum maximum</i> C1 grazing in Northen Benin In developing countries, the demand for milk and dairy products continues to grow. For this, an experiment was carried out at the Okpara Farm (FEO) in Benin to assess the effect of complementation with dry sorghum brewer’s on the milk and economic  performance of suckler cows (Gir x Borgou ). This study involved 21 females aged 6.33 ± 0.57 years whose lactation number was 2.33 ± 0.57. These animals were divided into three homogeneous lots (lot 1; lot 2 and lot 3) of 7 animals each, receiving 0, 1 and 2 kg of supplement respectively. The staple food of these animals was Panicum maximum var. C1 of the pasture. Milk performance was monitored for 98 days. After an effect analysis of variance (ANOVA) on Minitab 17 software, the mean values were compared by the Tukey test. On average, lot 1 produced 1.14 ± 0.44 kg of milk per day (kg milk / day); lot 2, 2.03 ± 0.54 kg milk / day and lot 3, 3.00 ± 0.41 kg milk / day. These data are significantly different (P<0.05) from one batch to another. Food efficiencies were 2.11 ± 0.03 and 1.61 ± 0.02, respectively, in the complemented lots. By investing 100 FCFA in the complementation with sorghum brewer’s, the farmer earns 190 FCFA and 406 FCFA respectively in lots 2 and 3. The use of sorghum brewer’s in the feeding of mixed-breed cows for the production of milk is therefore very beneficial. Key words: Mixed cows, pasture, sorghum brewer’s, performances, North-Benin

Capacity building efforts for rabies diagnosis in resource-limited countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: a case report of the central veterinary laboratory in Benin (Parakou)

Rabies has been listed as a priority zoonotic disease in many African countries and the countdown to reach the goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths by 2030 means that disease control measures need to be applied fast. In this context, an essential pillar of any national plan to control rabies is the implementation of reliable diagnostic techniques to ensure the success of field surveillance systems. Although many African countries have received international support for the control of rabies-some countries, like Benin, have not received a similar level of support. Indeed, until 2018, Benin was not able to diagnose rabies and rabies diagnosis in animals as well as humans relied solely on observed clinical symptoms. Although the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) of Parakou had the equipment to implement two recommended tests, the lack of specific reagents and skills prevented the implementation of a rabies diagnostic service. Here we present the joint efforts of the national authorities in Benin, intergovernmental agencies, and non-governmental organizations to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the government's rabies control efforts. We have applied the Stepwise Approach toward Rabies Elimination (SARE) analysis, implemented rabies diagnostic capacities at the CVL of Parakou, characterized strains of rabies virus circulating in Benin, and finally integrated an inter-laboratory comparison program

Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of biosorption of zinc ions from industrial wastewater using derived composite biosorbents from walnut shell

The biosorption process of Zn (II) ions in industrial wastewater was investigated using derived composite biosorbents from walnut and snail shells. Composite adsorbents were produced by activating walnut shell carbon (WSC) with phosphoric acid to obtain acid-treated walnut shell carbon (AWSC) and WSC and AWSC were independently impregnated on chitosan to produce walnut shell carbon impregnated on chitosan (WSCC) and acid-treated walnut shell carbon impregnated on chitosan (AWSCC) respectively. The removal efficiencies of Zn (II) ions from synthetic wastewater using the prepared adsorbents were determined. The effects of operational parameters on Zn (II) ions adsorption were investigated. The adsorption data of Zn (II) ions were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm fitted the adsorption data excellently for the derived composite biosorbents, giving an indication of monolayer coverage on the derived composite biosorbents and the determination coefficients were close to unity. Also, the maximum adsorption capacities of 3.1104, 3.8052, 16.4474 and 17.6991 mg/g were obtained for WSC, AWSC, WSCC and AWSCC at pH=5, 1 g of adsorbent dosage, Zn (II) ions initial concentration of 30 mg/L, contact time of 2 h, agitation speed of 150 rpm, particle size of 60 BSS and temperature of 30°C. The kinetic modelling of Zn (II) ions adsorption showed that pseudo second-order kinetic model gave the best fit amongst the investigated kinetic models. The adsorption of Zn (II) ions on the prepared adsorbents was filmdiffusion controlled. The experimental results of this study showed that acid-treated walnut shell carbon impregnated on chitosan has the potential to be applied as alternative efficient low-cost biosorbent in the remediation of heavy metal contamination in wastewater. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption of Zn (II) ions on the derived composite biosorbents was exothermic, endogonic, favourable, non-spontaneous with changes in enthalpy ( H , negative), entropy [ S , nearly zero (though negative)], and Gibbs free energy (G, positive), for all the prepared adsorbents

Harnessing Opportunities for Informed Investments in the Sorghum Commodity Value Chain in Tanzania: A Business Case

This study was conducted among sorghum farmers, focus groups, seed producers and extension officers in 10 districts of Tanzania to map out business opportunities along the sorghum value chain. Results obtained demonstrated that socio-economic factors such as number of years spent in school, group membership, availability of free seeds, market accessibility and seed accessibility influenced the adoption of improved varieties among sorghum farmers. Improved sorghum seeds reflected the profitability from positive gross benefits obtained among sorghum farmers and seed producers. The general adoption rate among sorghum farmers was low (39.0%), with variety NACO Mtama 1 having the highest adoption rate among farmers (17.0%). Among traders, a majority were large off-takers (79.0%). These off-takers experienced issues such as quality (71.4%), quantity (15.9%), lack of market information (7.9%), unreliable markets (36.3%), low grain quality (24.8%) and high tax levies (10.6%). Further, financial constraints and poor linkages among stakeholders were some inefficiencies in the sorghum value chain. The study recommends greater accessibility to improved sorghum seeds as well as reliable policies that enable processes for sorghum stakeholders along the sorghum value chain

Domestic animals infected with Mycobacterium ulcerans - implications for transmission to humans

Open Access Journal; Published online: 2 July 2018Background The environmental pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU) can infect both humans and animals and cause Buruli ulcer (BU) disease. However, its mode(s) of transmission from the colonized environment to human/animal hosts remain unclear. In Australia, MU can infect both wildlife and domestic mammals. Till date, BU-like lesions have only been reported in wildlife in Africa. This warrants a thorough assessment of possible MU in domestic animals in Africa. Here, we screened roaming domesticated animals that share the human microhabitat in two different BU endemic sites, Sedje-Denou in Benin and Akonolinga in Cameroon, for MU lesions. Methodology/Principal findings We screened roaming mammals and birds across 3 endemic villages of Sedje-Denou in Southern Benin and 6 endemic villages of Akonolinga in Cameroon. After approval from relevant authorities, specimens (wound swabs and tissue fragments) were collected from animals with open or active lesion and systematically screened to detect the presence of MU though the diagnostic DNA targets IS2404, IS2606 and KR-B. Out of 397 animals surveyed in Akonolinga, 44 (11.08%) carried skin lesions and all were negative for MU DNA. For Sedje-Denou, only 25 (6.93%) out of 361 animals surveyed carried external skin lesions of which 2 (8%) were positive for MU DNA targets. These MU infected lesions were found in two different villages on a goat (abdominal part) and on a dog (nape area of the neck). Source-tracking of MU isolates within infected animal lesions was performed using VNTR genotyping and further confirmed with sequencing. One MU VNTR genotype (Z) was successfully typed from the goat lesion. The evolutionary history inferred from sequenced data revealed a clustering of animal MU isolates within isolates from human lesions. Conclusion/Significance This study describes the first report of two MU infected lesions in domestic animals in Africa. Their DNA sequence analyses show close relationship to isolates from human cases. It suggests that MU infection should be suspected in domestic hosts and these could play a role in transmission. The findings further support the hypothesis that MU is a ubiquitous environmental pathogen found in endemic areas, and probably involved in a multiple transmission pathway

Legume breeding and seed systems for improved livelihoods and impact

The Tropical Legumes III project aims to reduce food insecurity in drought-prone areas of Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA), through improved productivity and production of four major grain legumes – chickpea, common bean, cowpea and groundnut. This is being sone by conducting research under three complementary research and delivery pillars: support for the development and release of farmer-preferred varieties; strengthening of the legume breeding capacity of partner CGIAR centers (ICRISAT, IITA and CIAT), and national partners Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda; and establishment of sustainable seed delivery systems that service the needs of small-holderfarmers. Significant achievements have been recorded. Breeding program assessments have been completed in all countries and improvement plans developed for execution. New seed varieties (163) have been released and are fast replacing the old ruling seed varieties in all target countries. Thirty seven national partners were trained at MSc and PhD levels. As a result of the enhanced skills and knowledge of seed value chain actors, seed production significantly increased by 221% (from 139,048 to 446,359 tons) in seven years. Since 2007, improved varieties have been adopted on at least 2 million hectares and more than $448 million has been generated from the project funding and nearly$976 million from the project and investment partners. For each dollar invested, the project generated $9 with direct project investment or$20 with partnership’s investment, and again $20 when using adoption rate based estimate. These achievements and implementation challenges will be discussed

Évaluation de la contamination parasitologique des eaux usées domestiques collectées et traitées à la station d’épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)

Objectif : Cette étude a été entreprise afin d’évaluer la contamination parasitologique des eaux usées domestiques collectées et épurées à la station à boue activée de Cambérène. Elle a permis d’une part d’identifier les oeufs de différents helminthes et d’autre part de décrire la variation de la concentration temporelle de la charge parasitaire de ces eaux usées.Méthodologie et Résultats : Les examens coprologiques effectués sur des échantillons ponctuels et séquentiels d’eaux usées avaient montré une forte charge parasitaire. La concentration moyenne en oeufs d’helminthes a été de 180 oeufs/l. L’évolution de la charge parasitaire au cours du temps indiquait la quasi-présence des oeufs d’helminthes dans les eaux usées brutes à des concentrations variables. Par ailleurs, ces charges parasitaires enregistrées sont étroitement liées aux périodes d’activités humaines. Par contre, dans les eaux clarifiées, aucun oeuf d’helminthe n’a été observé.Conclusion et application : La charge élevée de ces eaux usées brutes en agents pathogènes interdit leur usage en agriculture contrairement aux pratiques couramment observées sur le terrain. L’abandon de cette pratique par les agriculteurs va contribuer à réduire les risques de contamination parasitaire chez l’homme.Mots clés : Eaux usées, parasitologie, helminthes, boue activée, Dakar

Evaluation de l’innocuité des souches précoces de Eimeria magna et de Eimeria media issues du Bénin en vue de leur utilisation comme souches vaccinales

Les coccidioses constituent un problème sanitaire majeur pour l’élevage cunicole. Une vaccination contre cette maladie à l’aide de souches précoces de Eimeria ayant une parfaite innocuité est nécessaire. Pour évaluer cette innocuité, trois lots de 12 lapereaux de 35 + 1 jours ont été inoculés avec des souches précoces de Eimeria magna et Eimeria media provenant des lapins élevés au Bénin. Un mélange à parts égales des deux souches a été constitué. Les animaux du lot 1 ont été inoculés per os avec ce mélange à la dose de 5 x 103 oocystes et ceux du lot 2 ont reçu le même mélange à la dose de 2,5 x 103. Le lot 3 a servi de témoin. Deux semaines après l’inoculation, aucun cas de mortalité et/ou de diarrhée n’a été enregistré ; les témoins ont excrété moins d’oocystes (3,2 x 104 oocystes/g) comparativement aux animaux expérimentaux (P < 0,01) du lot 1 (10,1 x 106 oocystes/g) et du lot 2 (8,8 x 106 oocystes/g), confirmant ainsi une bonne multiplication de ces souches. La chute du GMQ des lots inoculés par rapport à celui des témoins est significative (P < 0,001) mais reste modérée. Il en résulte que ces souches s’avèrent être de bonnes candidates à un vaccin.Keywords: Coccidiose, Eimeria magna, Eimeria media, vaccin, lapin, Béni