Plantes et prise en charge de la santé maternelle dans la région Maritime du Togo : Plants and mother’s healthcare in the Maritime Region of Togo

Contexte et objectifs. La santé maternelle demeure un problème de santé majeur dans les pays en voie de développement. La présente étude a : (i) inventorié les divers maux bénins de la santé maternelle ; (ii) recensé les plantes utilisées dans la prise en charge de ces troubles ; (iii) décrit les diverses formes d’usages des plantes utilisées et (iv) évalué la variation des connaissances d’usages suivant le sexe, l’âge et l’ethnie. Méthodes. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques couplées aux observations de terrain ont été réalisées dans la région Maritime du Togo en milieu rural auprès des populations rurales. L’analyse des données s’est basée sur les fréquences (Fr), les valeurs d’usages (VU), les indices de diversité d’usage (IDU), les indices de valeurs d’importance d’usage (IVIU) et l’indice de Sorenson (IS). Résultats. Une florule de 127 espèces végétales dont 126 plantes réparties en 112 genres et 57 familles et un champignon a été rapportée. Les Euphorbiaceae, les Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae, les Asteraceae et les Leguminosae-Papilionoideae sont les familles les plus signalées dans la prise en charge de 37 affections. Conclusion. A l’issue de cette étude, plus d’une centaine de plantes utilisées dans les pathologies maternales et fœtales a été identifiée. Cependant, l’évaluation de l’efficacité ainsi que des tests toxicologiques sont nécessaires pour une meilleure valorisation des plantes rapportées. Context and objectives. Maternal healthcare remain a major health problem in developing countries. The present study (i) inventoried various benign conditions of maternal health, (ii) identified plant species used in the management of these conditions, (iii) described the various types of use of these plants, and (iv) evaluated the levels of knowledge on the use of plant species in the care of the pregnant and nursing women according to the gender, age and ethnic group. Methods. Semi-structured interviews coupled to field observations were carried out in the Maritime region of Togo among local populations. Data analysis was based on the computation of relative frequencies (Fr), the use values (UV), the diversity use index (DUI), the index of important use values (IIUV) and the Sorenson index (SI). Résultats. A flower of 127 plan species including 126 plants divided into 112 genera and 57 families and one fungus has been reported Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae, Asteraceae and Leguminosae-Papilionoideae were mostly used in the management of 37 conditions. Conclusion. This study identified more than one hundred plants species used in women‘s health-related disorders. Additional studies, including efficacy and toxicological tests are needed for better to promote these folk medicine practices

CONTRIBUTION A LA MULTIPLICATION, PAR GRAINES ET PAR BOUTURAGE DE SEGMENTS DE TIGES ET DE RACINES, DE TROIS FRUITIERS SPONTANES DE LA REGION DES SAVANES AU TOGO : HAEMATOSTAPHIS BARTERI HOOK. F., LANNEA MICROCARPA ENGL. & K. KRAUSS ET SCLEROCARYA BIRREA

Introduction: The present work focused on the multiplication by seeds and cuttings of H. barteri, L. microcarpa, and S. birrea, three spontaneous fruit trees in decrease in Togo. Material and methods: Seeds and cuttings were taken from the savannas region in Togo. The multiplication essays were conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse in the University of Lomé. Germination essays were conducted using distilled water soaking, sulfuric acid treatment or mechanical scarification. Propagation by cuttings essays were conducted in greenhouse on soil taken from the Botany garden of the University of Lomé or sea sand previously treated with sulfuric acid and thoroughly rinsed with distilled water in presence of ¼ diluted Hoagland solution added with or not of IAA. Results: H. barteri seeds showed a low germination rate: 10% for freshly harvested seeds, 23% for seeds conserved for three months and 8% for one year seeds. L. microcarpa seeds sprout at 82% during the first week of harvest and lost viability about 14 weeks after harvest. For S. birrea germination rate increased from 50.12% when harvested to 69.18% and 74.6% for respectively 3 and 12 months after harvest and room conservation. For propagation using cuttings, only S. birrea was capable of multiplication in our essay conditions with a success rate of root cuttings of 71% for adult plants and 79.28 % for young plants. Conclusion: these results constituted very precious tools for production program of these 3 fruit trees for their sustainable conservation

Riparian and stream forests carbon sequestration in the context of high anthropogenic disturbance in Togo

This research was carried out in order to estimate the amount of biomass available in riparian ecosystems of Sudanian areas in northern Togo. It aimed at evaluating the land cover pattern and the productivity of tree biomass. A field survey was carried out in order to sample trees’ diameter (DBH > 10 cm) and height using rectangular sample plots of 500 m2. An allometric equation was used to compute above and below ground biomass. Landsat ETM+ image (193r053p20160327) was then used to map the major land use cover patterns followed by the computation of net primary production (NPP) of green vegetation in buffer areas around rivers and streams. For the total area sampled in riparian landscapes, the total biomass density was estimated as 196.8±1.4 t.ha-1. Tree species such as Daniellia oliveri (32.7 ± 0.58 t.ha-1) contributed a high proportion of the total biomass. Significant trees total biomass was found in the forest (157.8±40.7 kg/ha) and savanna (122.0±21.64 kg/ha) ecosystem. Five major land use cover patterns (forests, savannas, fallows-croplands, sparse vegetation-barren land and wetlands-rivers) were defined. Savannas (304 450±1572.6 ha) and fallows-croplands (65 339±456.3 ha) represent important land use. The NPP for the investigated zone was estimated at 1 249 294 ± 267.0 gCm-2y-1. However, forest (8708.1±243.4 gCm-2y-1) and savanna (3821.0±86.2 gCm-2y-1) accumulate more atmospheric carbon dioxide. The study showed that high important values of total plant biomass were located in forest ecosystems. The research in the current situation could be useful in the framework of UNFCC programs such as REDD+ and NAMA. Key words: Biomass, NPP, carbon sequestration, land cover, riparian ecosystem, Tog

EVALUATION DE L’ACTIVITÉ ANTIFONGIQUE DE FICUS PLATYPHYLLA DEL. (MORACEAE)

To validate the traditional use of plants in the treatment of certain fungal infections due to AIDS, Ficus platyphylla (Moraceae), a plant used in traditional medicine in Togo in the treatment of the opportunist diseases of the AIDS has been investigated for its antifungal properties. Aqueous and hydro- ethanolic stem bark extracts were tested on nine fungal strains including six yeast (Candida krusei, C. zeylanoides, C. albicans, Cryptoccocus neoformans, Geotrichum candidum and Rhodotorula rubra) and three filamentous (Aspergillus fumigatus, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes) by the method of broth dilution. The results show that the extracts are active against dermatophytes, Cr. neoformans and Candida species except C. krusei with MICs ranging from 0.25 to 2 mg.ml-1. The hydro- ethanolic extract presented a fungicidal activity on all strains inhibited. The presence of tannins, saponins and sometimes alkaloids, would be the possible cause of the antifungal activities observed. These results justify the traditional use of this plant as an antifungal

Use and management of medicinal plants among the Moba in the prefecture of Tone in Togo

Background and research objectives: Finding sustainable management options for the local communities that depend on medicinal plants is crucial in the face of human pressure on these plants. This study contributes to the sustainable management of medecinal plants in Togo. It aims to censusing medecinal plants and pathologies and identify the endogenous sustainable management strategies for medicinal plants in the Moba ethnic group of Togo. Methods: Data was collected through semi-structured ethnobotanical individual interviews with 50 traditional healers, recorded on a Microsoft Excel 10 spreadsheet and processed with the Sphinx5V software and the Microsoft Excel 10 table. Results: 166 medicinal plants were reported in the treatment of 91 pathologies dominated by dysmenorrhoea, stomachache, wounds, general and chronic asthenia, and infantile umbilical hernia. The most represented botanical families were: the Poaceae (12), the Combretaceae (10), and the Euphorbiaceae (10), Caesalpiniaceae (8), and Mimosaceae (7). The most important species according to the Species Importance Value Index (IVIsp) are: Vitellaria paradoxa (159.59), Parkia biglobosa (145.94), Securidaca longipedunculata (145.12), Diospyros mespiliformis (133.51), Annona senegalensis (123.88), Khaya senegalensis (110.52), Cymbopogon proximus (106.88), Cymbopogon giganteus (102.03), Zanthozylum zanthoxyloides (99.005). The most used plant parts are roots (18.6 %), leaves (17.85 %), bark of the trunk (16.66 %), the whole plant (14.28 %) and the fruits (12.30 %). Endogenous management strategies for medicinal plants include in situ protection in fields, reforestation, and respect for totemic trees, groves and sacred forests

Évaluation de la productivité en gomme de Sterculia setigera Del. en fonction du diamètre et de l'état de l'arbre

Sterculia setigera Del. est bien connue en Afrique subsaharienne comme espèce à multiples usages et en particulier pour l’importance économique de sa gomme. La présente étude réalisée dans la station expérimentale de Kantindi est une contribution à la valorisation de S. setigera au Togo. Elle a évalué la capacité de production de gomme de S. setigera en fonction du diamètre et de l’état du pied. La saignée des arbres a été réalisée du 1er au 5 avril 2014 sur 40 pieds seins non brulés et 12 pieds brulés de circonférence g ? 90 cm. La récolte de la gomme est intervenue trois semaines plus tard, le 30 avril. La valeur moyenne de gomme exsudée sur les pieds précédemment brulés est supérieure à celle des arbres sains, respectivement 103,25 ± 68,54 g et 64,44 ± 35,32 g. La quantité de gomme exsudée augmente suivant la circonférence. Même si la productivité moyenne en gomme est plus grande sur les pieds brulés que les pieds non brulés, les tests statistiques montrent qu’il n’existe pas de différence significative (p = 0,095). Par contre, une différence significative s’observe en fonction de la circonférence du pied (p = 0,047). Des études complémentaires examineront les méthodes quantitative et qualitative de production de gomme, les techniques de production des pépinières et de régénération. Mots clés : Sterculia setigera, gomme, production, circonférence, Togo.Sterculia setigera Del. is well-known in Sub-Saharan Africa as a multipurpose tree species, especially due to the economic value of its gum. The present study carried out in the Kantindi experimental station was a contribution to the valorisation of S. setigera in Togo. It sought to appraise the gum yield capacity of S. setigera according to stem girth and target trees’ status. Trees tapping were realized on forty bearings non-burnt and twelve burnt trees with a girth equal or greater than 90 cm. Trees were tapped from 1 to 5 April 2014 and the harvest-time occurred three weeks later, 30th April 2014. The mean value of gum exudate from trees early burnt is higher than those obtained from non-burnt trees, respectively 103.25 ± 68.54 g and 64.44 ± 35.32 g. It increases with an increase in diameter. Even thought, the mean gum yield seems greater on burnt trees than non-burnt trees; the statistic tests showed no significant difference (p = 0.095). In contrast there is a significant difference according to the variation of tree diameter (p = 0.047). Expectation studies will scrutinize both quantitatively and qualitatively methods of gum tapping, nursery, and regeneration techniques. Key words: Sterculia setigera, gum, yield, tree diameter, ecosystem services, Togo

Évaluation de la productivité en gomme de Sterculia setigera Del. en fonction du diamètre et de l'état de l'arbre

Sterculia setigera Del. est bien connue en Afrique subsaharienne comme espèce à multiples usages et en particulier pour l’importance économique de sa gomme. La présente étude réalisée dans la station expérimentale de Kantindi est une contribution à la valorisation de S. setigera au Togo. Elle a évalué la capacité de production de gomme de S. setigera en fonction du diamètre et de l’état du pied. La saignée des arbres a été réalisée du 1er au 5 avril 2014 sur 40 pieds seins non brulés et 12 pieds brulés de circonférence g ? 90 cm. La récolte de la gomme est intervenue trois semaines plus tard, le 30 avril. La valeur moyenne de gomme exsudée sur les pieds précédemment brulés est supérieure à celle des arbres sains, respectivement 103,25 ± 68,54 g et 64,44 ± 35,32 g. La quantité de gomme exsudée augmente suivant la circonférence. Même si la productivité moyenne en gomme est plus grande sur les pieds brulés que les pieds non brulés, les tests statistiques montrent qu’il n’existe pas de différence significative (p = 0,095). Par contre, une différence significative s’observe en fonction de la circonférence du pied (p = 0,047). Des études complémentaires examineront les méthodes quantitative et qualitative de production de gomme, les techniques de production des pépinières et de régénération. Mots clés : Sterculia setigera, gomme, production, circonférence, Togo.Sterculia setigera Del. is well-known in Sub-Saharan Africa as a multipurpose tree species, especially due to the economic value of its gum. The present study carried out in the Kantindi experimental station was a contribution to the valorisation of S. setigera in Togo. It sought to appraise the gum yield capacity of S. setigera according to stem girth and target trees’ status. Trees tapping were realized on forty bearings non-burnt and twelve burnt trees with a girth equal or greater than 90 cm. Trees were tapped from 1 to 5 April 2014 and the harvest-time occurred three weeks later, 30th April 2014. The mean value of gum exudate from trees early burnt is higher than those obtained from non-burnt trees, respectively 103.25 ± 68.54 g and 64.44 ± 35.32 g. It increases with an increase in diameter. Even thought, the mean gum yield seems greater on burnt trees than non-burnt trees; the statistic tests showed no significant difference (p = 0.095). In contrast there is a significant difference according to the variation of tree diameter (p = 0.047). Expectation studies will scrutinize both quantitatively and qualitatively methods of gum tapping, nursery, and regeneration techniques. Key words: Sterculia setigera, gum, yield, tree diameter, ecosystem services, Togo