On Hamilton cycle decompositions of complete multipartite graphs which are both cyclic and symmetric

Let G be a graph with v vertices. A Hamilton cycle of a graph is a collection of edges which create a cycle using every vertex. A Hamilton cycle decomposition is cyclic if the set of cycle is invariant under a full length permutation of the vertex set. We say a decomposition is symmetric if all the cycles are invariant under an appropriate power of the full length permutation. Such decompositions are known to exist for complete graphs and families of other graphs. In this work, we show the existence of cyclic n-symmetric Hamilton cycle decompositions of a family of graphs, the complete multipartite graph Km×n where the number of parts, m, is odd and the part size, n, is also odd. We classify the existence where m is prime and prove the existence in additional cases where m is a composite odd integer

Does institution type affect access to finance for cassava actors in Nigeria?

The cassava system in Nigeria is developing, with increasing attention to its potential positive outcomes. However, credit access is a major problem in expanding productive activities of the different actors across the value chains of cassava products. This study investigates the extent of access to credit by cassava actors with respect to the different financial institutions in the country using data obtained from a sample of 168 actors, including producers, processors, marketers, fabricators and end users. The study found that commercial banks had the highest disbursement rate (88.0%) despite higher interest rate charged, while government banks had the least (73.6%). Processors (79.5%) and marketers (79.4%) had highest credit access rate while fabricators (67.5%) had the least. Regression results revealed that cassava actors that patronized commercial banks particularly those who are medium scale had access to higher amount of credit. However, female actors and those using cooperative banks secured lower credit amount. In line with the results, Nigeria should champion private-sector-led credit provision through appropriate policies aimed at improving the capacity of the institutions. Financial institutions should be strengthened for better credit access by the cassava actors, and hence improve their productivity

The Cyber Crime and Internet and Internet Sexual Exploitation of Children

The availability of the Internet has become increasingly easier to children due to technological advancements. An increasing number of children have access to smart phones and tablets, hence, allowing their susceptibility to become a cyber victim, as parental control is lacking. Concerns about the role of technological change in relation to sexual crimes against children, sexual exploitation and potential harm have been expressed in the USA for some considerable time. These have been reflected in a change in legislation with respect to abusive images of children (child pornography) and its attendant violent content. This study examined the impact of child cyber sexual exploitation. The study also explored the methods predators used to prey on children, the role child’s behavior played in their susceptibility to being seduced, and the role education system play to protect children. It was important to conduct this study as previous studies did not really address the fact that security measures are lacking as well as knowledge on the potential dangers of the Internet. The researcher used interview questions to carry out this study by getting the opinions of the Police Officers at the Bradley Police Department, Bradley, Illinois since these are the officers who work on the Cyber Crime against the children. The study identified the security measures that are lacking as well as knowledge of the potential dangers of the Internet. Also the education systems are not mandated to incorporate Internet safety courses into the curriculum as many educators themselves lack the necessary knowledge on the subject. The study also revealed that many parents lack knowledge on Internet safety and feel their children may be more tech-savvy, making Internet safety conversations more difficult. This allows a child the opportunity to utilize the Internet unsupervised, as many parental controls can be bypassed

Analysis of the Shelf Life of Soya Bean (Glycine max) Flour

Aim: This work was to investigate the shelf life of fresh and stored soybean flour by isolating resident bacteria and carrying out their proximate analyses. Place and Duration of study: Samples were bought from Roundabout market at Iwo, Osun state, Nigeria. An analysis was carried out within 8 month. Methodology: The bacteria were isolated and identified using standard morphological and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria was also carried out using standard methods. Results: Isolated bacteria belonged to genera Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Escherichia and Enterobacter. The number of isolated organisms was higher in all cases in the stored flour sample. The results showed that the percentage of crude protein (37.0 ± 0.12), crude fat (16.4 ± 0.04) and dry matter (91.1 ± 0.06), was highest in the freshly purchased soybean flour. The moisture content of the stored flour was (9.1 0. ± 06), while carbohydrate (35.2%), ash (3.9 ± 0.04) and crude fibre (4.2 ± 0.02) were also higher. Resistance to antibiotics was highest to cloxacillin (100%), amoxicillin (75%) and augmentin (75%). Conclusion: The result of this work showed that long term storage is detrimental to the soybean flour and the presences of antibiotic resistant bacteria have serious public health implications

CONSTRUCTION OF EROTIC NUANCES ON WHATSAPP AND BBM BY NIGERIAN STUDENTS

WhatsApp and BBM are popular instant messengers among Nigerian youths, particularly those of tertiary education age. Both applications are used by different shades of people across both genders as means to achieve different end. This study investigates how both apps are used in the construction of erotic conversations. The study is exploratory in nature and is intended to sketch initial understanding from different pictures painted by individual participants. Consequently, semi-structured interview of the qualitative method was used to extract responses from 20 participants, 10 each from both genders. All participants were drawn randomly from National Diploma (NDI) students of Mass Communication Department of Lagos State Polytechnic, Isolo Campus, Nigeria and year three and four students of Mass Communication Department of Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria. Findings revealed that for technical, operational and financial reasons, participants prefer WhatsApp to BBM. Majority of their erotic experiences occur on WhatsApp, involving, largely, chat buddies they have physical familiarity with. Also, most of the participants received more of nude, sexually explicit pictures of a chat buddy at some point in their erotic chat experiences in addition to pornographic films and sexually charged voice notes.   &nbsp

Numerical Computation of the Complex Eigenvalues of a Matrix by solving a Square System of Equations

It is well known that if the largest or smallest eigenvalue of a matrix has been computed by some numerical algorithms and one is interested in computing the corresponding eigenvector, one method that is known to give such good approximations to the eigenvector is inverse iteration with a shift. For complex eigenpairs, instead of using Ruhe’s normalization, we show that the natural two norm normalization for the matrix pencil, yields an underdetermined system of equation and by adding an extra equation, the augmented system becomes square which can be solved by LU factorization at a cheaper rate and quadratic convergence is guaranteed. While the underdetermined system of equations can be solved using QR factorization as shown in an earlier work by the same authors, converting it to a square system of equations has the added advantage that besides using LU factorization, it can be solved by several approaches including iterative methods. We show both theoretically and numerically that both algorithms are equivalent in the absence of roundoff errors

Climate Change,Urban Degreening and Flooding in Nigerian Cities:Reducing Vulnerability Through Polycentric Planning and Urban Greeenery Strategy(PPUGS)

This paper uses the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework to analyse the missing links in attempts to address the problems of flooding in Nigerian cities. Previous flooding and the recent ones have been attributed to heavy downpour, blockage of water channels and drainages, indiscriminate dumping of refuse and building of houses along channels. Areas that are neglected but pertinent to flood mitigation include: (1) degreening activities that remove green cover; (2) paving of open spaces with asphalt and concrete that accentuate storm water volume as percolation is reduced; and (3) unpaved surfaces that generate debris and silts that cause siltation and sedimentation of Atlantic Ocean and Lagoon with the consequence of rising sea level and coastal flooding. The paper reports the findings of longitudinal studies on causative factors of urban flooding. The studies commenced in Ile-Ife and Ibadan in 1997, conducted in Lagos in 1998-2000 and 2011 and in Ibadan in 2011 and 2012. The paper identified gaps between and among the stakeholders in environmentalism and ecosystemic balance at state and local levels. Indications from Ile-Ife, Lagos and Ibadan show that the three cities are experiencing degreening activities. For example, in Ile-Ife and Lagos, the green areas account for the least proportions, 24.1% and 27% of open spaces around buildings respectively, while 75.9% and 73.0% of the available open spaces are either paved or unpaved with the problem of heat radiation that demands additional energy for operating artificial cooling system and consequently increased global warming. In addition, degreening activities cause flooding. As more and more land is urbanised, and trees and grasses are replaced by asphalt and concrete, rainwater has less chance to be absorbed. Thus, storm water rushes down the streets while areas that were never flooded are now routinely under water. Other studies in Lagos show that: (i) there is an increase in the rate of sedimentation and sea level rise (ii) rainstorms in the city have become more intense and urban flooding will be more severe. Floods have devastated many parts of Lagos and Ibadan leading to loss of several lives and property and the displacement of several people. Statistics confirms that between 2011 and 2012, more than 150 billion naira (about $1 billion) was lost in Lagos, while 2,105 buildings were flooded in Ibadan with property damaged estimated in billions of Naira. As a result, the Lagos and Oyo States‟ Governments spent several millions of Naira on relief to the victims. This paper raises some fundamental questions on the roles of stakeholders (scholars, public officials, practitioners, professionals and citizens) within the built environment in designing strategies at mitigating urban flooding. This paper considered it imperative for the adoption of pragmatic and problem-solving strategies that can help in mitigating flooding in Lagos and Ibadan. Consequently, the paper designs an African Polycentric Urban Greenery Model (APUGM) that can be applied to addressing the challenges of flooding in the two cities. The paper emphasizes, among other considerations, the use of traducture in reaching the grassroots for solution to the recurrent challenges of flooding. The paper also designs strategies that Lagos and Oyo states‟ governments could adopt for the depopulation of the two cities – Lagos and Ibadan respectively through de-urbanisation, de-migration and re-migration

Growth performance of Alma millsoni fed with brewers dried grain (BDG) and coconut husk

The growth performance of Alma millsoni cultured on 'brewers dried grain and coconut husk was studied in a completely randomized design with three treatments (Control, brewer’s dried grain and coconut husk) and three replicates. Earthworms were cultured in plastic bins of 60 x 30 x 30 cm. While coconut husk was used as the bedding, the earthworms were fed with brewer’s dried grain, coconut husk or no extra feed other than the bedding. Growth performance of the earthworms was measured every week. The proximate composition of the earthworm was conducted using standard procedures. The mean weight of the earthworms under the three different treatments was significantly different (P < 0.05); with earthworms fed brewers dried grain recording the highest mean weight (1.03 ± 0.50). No significant difference was observed in the percentage crude fibre, crude protein and moisture between A. millsoni from different treatments; whereas a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the percentage crude fat and ash between A. millsoni from the different treatments with A. millsoni fed brewers dried grain recording the highest percentage crude fat. Weight of worms was significantly and positively correlated to feed source (P < 0.05). The implication of this is that earthworms fed with brewers dried grain gained weight above those fed with coconut husk or the control but the weight gain observed may have been as a result of the increase in crude fat content of the earthworms since there was no difference in their crude protein content. Culturing of earthworm on either coconut husk or brewers dried grain must therefore be accompanied with a protein source

Representativeness of suspected measles cases reported in a southern district of Nigeria

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the characteristics of suspected measles cases at the health facilities and to determine the representativeness of the data.MethodsWe visited 25 hospitals in the Aniocha Local Government Area (LGA) of Delta State, Nigeria, from which information on reportable diseases was collected. In particular, the suspected measles cases in their registries between January 1, 2007, and June 30, 2008, were reviewed. We compared the characteristics, including age, sex, location, and month of reporting, of the suspected cases with the LGA surveillance records.ResultsIn the LGA records, 10% cases involved individuals older than 14 years, compared with 20% in the same age group in the health facility records. Based on geographic location, 53% of the measles cases among the hospital records came from a single location, in contrast to only 30% of the cases among the LGA records. An analysis considering time revealed that 30% of the cases in the LGA records occurred in August 2007, whereas 20% of hospital cases were reported in February and May 2008 combined.ConclusionsThe two record types differed considerably in all of the characteristics used in this comparison