Formation of place names in Tatar

The relevance of this research is closely bound with the general tendency of linguistics in the attempt to reveal the human factor in the language, as the most valuable results of the research are found in comparison of the languages. The goal of this article is to find out the productivity of the place-naming affixes -lyk/-lek (-ly/-le) in Tatar and their equivalent in English. The main approach of the research is interdisciplinary which requires the usage of such sciences as Geography, History, Linguistics, etc. The given article presents the results of historical and linguistic research that is intended to find out the structural peculiarities of Tatar and English place names. The materials can be useful for linguists and historians to study the History of nations and the History of languages.peer-reviewe

Analysing the concept of “beauty”

The article reveals the origin and expression of the concept of “beauty” as one of the central concepts of “The Collector” by John Fowles. Analyzing this work within the study of cognitive linguistics, authors used the method of linguo-poetic description of the text to embrace the variety of its semantic units and to discover its complexity and multivalence. Considering the number of mentioning and the diversity of lexical units, authors represented the linguistic expression of the aesthetic assessment of the concept of “beauty”. Authors concluded that the value and the significance of the concept of “beauty” are rather high as it gains broad semantic diversity, demonstrates the variety of connotations and presence of assessing component.peer-reviewe

Russian-Kazakh cooperation as a factor in the implementation of the Eurasian idea

© the author(s). Conducted research is relevant due to the rapid development of integration processes at the post-Soviet space at the beginning of XXI century. The aim of the article is to analyze Russian and Kazakh collaboration as the driving force of Eurasian integration processes. The main method of the research of this issue is Eurasianism, through the prism of which Russian and Kazakh collaboration is under consideration. The results of the research prove the fact that Russia and Kazakhstan have lots of similar features and converging factors of geographic, historical, ethnic and confessional nature. The economics of the countries are inter-supplementary; their political approaches to the most global and regional issues are alike. In general Russia and Kazakhstan have not only good neighbourly and collaborating, but also inter-allied bilateral relations. This marks joint and active advance of Eurasian integration processes and the development of Eurasian idea in general. The materials of the article may be useful in conducting scientific research on the issues of external policies of Russia and Kazakhstan, providing lectures and seminars in training and planning specific measures on further advance of integration processes at the post-Soviet space

Выбор наиболее эффективного протокола выделения иммуноглобулинов Y из желтка куриного яйца

Four protocols of immunoglobulin Y extraction and purification from hen egg yolk were compared and the optimal one was chosen from the viewpoint of the purity and yield of the final protein preparation. The following protocols were tested: 1) three-step treatment of the yolk substance with caprylic acid; 2) delipidation with dextran-sulfate followed by sodium sulfate fractionation; 3) removal of lipids via diluting by acidified water followed by sodium sulfate fractionation and 4) purification of immunoglobulins with the use of egg yolk freezing-thawing. Protein yields were assessed as amounts of the total protein in the final immunoglobulin preparations; purity was assessed via polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in denaturing (reducing and non-reducing) conditions. The protocol of the immunoglobulin Y extraction with the removal of lipids via diluting by acidified water followed by sodium sulfate fractionation was considered as the optimal one, with regard to the ratio between the protein yield and immunoglobulin preparation purity. This protocol can be employed both for the preparation of immunoglobulin Y samples for further affinity purifications of specific antibodies for research purposes and for the production of immunoglobulins Y as pharmaceutics.Проведена сравнительная характеристика четырёх протоколов выделения и очистки иммуноглобулинов Y из желтка куриного яйца и выбран оптимальный из них, с точки зрения чистоты и выхода конечного препарата белка. Были апробированы следующие протоколы: 1) трехступенчатая обработка субстанции яичного желтка каприловой кислотой, 2) делипидизация декстрансульфатом с последующим высаливанием иммуноглобулинов Y сульфатом натрия, 3) удаление липидов при разбавлении подкисленной водой с последующим высаливанием иммуноглобулинов сульфатом натрия и 4) очистка антител с применением замораживания-оттаивания яичного желтка. Выходы по белку оценивали по количеству общего белка в конечных препаратах иммуноглобулинов, а чистоту – методом электрофореза в денатурирующих (восстанавливающих и невосстанавливающих) условиях. По соотношению выхода белка и чистоты препарата иммуноглобулинов оптимальным был признан протокол выделения с удалением липидов при разбавлении подкисленной водой с последующим высаливанием иммуноглобулинов Y сульфатом натрия. Данный протокол может быть использован как для подготовки препарата иммуноглобулинов Y для последующей аффинной очистки специфичных антител, так и для получения препаратов иммуноглобулинов Y в качестве фармацевтических препаратов

Blue is the fashion in Mediterranean pines: New drought signals from tree-ring density in southern Europe

Identificador de proyecto: Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101029581Long-term records of tree-ring width (TRW), latewood maximum density (MXD) and blue intensity (BI) measurements on conifers have been largely used to develop high-resolution temperature reconstructions in cool temperate forests. However, the potential of latewood blue intensity (LWBI), less commonly used earlywood blue intensity (EWBI), and delta (difference between EWBI and LWBI, dBI) blue intensity in Mediterranean tree species is still unexplored. Here we developed BI chronologies in moist-elevation limits of the most southwestern European distribution of Pinus nigra subsp. salzmanii Arnold. We tested whether BI variables derived from tree rings of black pine are better proxies than ring-width variables to reconstruct long-term changes in climatic factors and water availability. For this we applied correlations and regression analyses with daily and monthly climate data, a spatial and temporal drought index (Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index-SPEI) and Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD), as well as atmospheric circulation patterns: North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO). We found a positive relation between black pine growth (RW) and temperature during the winter preceding the growing season. Among all variables LWBI and dBI were found to be more sensitive than TRW to SPEI at low-elevation site, with EWBI series containing an opposite climatic signal. LWBI and dBI were significantly related to June and September precipitation at high-elevation site. Winter VPD was related with higher EWI and LWI series, whereas dBI and EWBI were related with January SOI and February NAO. We confirm the potential of long-term dBI series to reconstruct climate in drought-prone regions. This novel study in combination with other wood anatomical measurements has wide implications for further use of BI to understand and reconstruct environmental changes in Mediterranean conifer forests.Wageningen University & ResearchUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaUniversity of Amsterda