The Effect of Cycloplegia on the Ocular Biometric and Anterior Segment Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the effects of cycloplegia on the biometric components and anterior segment parameters of the eye. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, changes to axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD) lens thickness, anterior chamber angle (ACA) and volume, corneal thickness in the pupil center (PC), corneal curvature (CC) and white-to-white (WTW) following cycloplegia induced by tropicamide 1% in 42 eyes of patients aged 23-58 years were assessed. Biometric components and anterior segment parameters were measured using an IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) and a Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), respectively. RESULTS: Significant statistical changes in ACD (increased by 0.06 ± 0.05 mm; p  0.05). Also, a significant inferior displacement of the PC along the vertical axes was seen (p = 0.020). CONCLUSION: Cycloplegia resulted in a deeper ACD and thinner lens thickness. These changes should be considered in determining intraocular lens (IOL) power to prevent refractive surprises in cataract surgery and also in the phakic IOL implantation

Child injury mortality in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Reducing child injury mortality is an important factor in directing national and international policy-makers to program appropriate cause-specific interventions. The systematic review and meta-analysis study was performed to provide a clear view of child injury mortality in Iran. Methods: A systematic electronic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, and Elmnet was performed to identify the Persian and English articles published between 2005 and 2018. All studies reporting child injury mortality were gathered according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. After quality appraisal, data were extracted and analyzed. Results: Twelve studies with an overall sample size of 22,721 met our inclusion criteria. The prevalence of mortality due to road accident, falling, drowning, poisoning and other causes of death were 56.8, 11.3, 8.6, 5.7 and, 17.6, respectively. The proportion of injury in all-cause mortality in 0�19 and 0�6 age groups were 11.9 and 16.9, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a relatively high mortality rate for road traffic accidents, which should be taken into account seriously. Developing preventive policies is essential to achieve better standards of road transportation and reduce related mortality in Iran. © 201

A literature review on the parvovirus B19 infection in sickle cell anemia and β-thalassemia patients

Background: Parvovirus B19 is the causative agent for erythema infectiosum, and also as a potentially life-threatening infectious agent, it is mainly presented in high erythrocyte turnover patients. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited monogenic hematological disorder resulting from the mutations in the hemoglobin β-chain gene. Thalassemia is a hereditary hematological syndrome that happens in consequence of deficiencies in the production of one or more globin chains. We summarize current knowledge about the prevalence rates of the parvovirus B19 infection in sickle cell anemia and thalassemia patients. Methods: Several online databases were searched including, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed, which were performed amidst 2009�2019 by using distinct keywords: �Thalassemia,� �Parvovirus,� �Anemia,� �Sickle cell anemia,� �parvoviridae,� �parvoviridae infection,� and �parvovirus B19.� Results: Search results indicated 4 and 7 studies for the prevalence of the parvovirus B19 in β-thalassemia and SCD, respectively. Among the β-thalassemia patients, the B19V seroprevalence for IgG and IgM were ranged from 18.2�81 and 14.5�41.1, respectively; meanwhile, B19V DNA positively results was 4�15.3. Moreover, in the SCD group, the extent of B19V IgG was varied from 37.6 to 65.9 and that of IgM was in a range of 2.9�30, and the DNA detection rate was 4�54. Conclusion: B19V seroprevalence changes in several conditions including, different epidemiological features, socio-economic status, and overpopulation. Age can expand the incidence of anti-B19V IgG/IgM in SCD and beta-thalassemia patients. Reinfection and diverse genotypes are relevant factors in the seroprevalence of B19v. The patients� immunological-hematological station and higher abundance of transfusions can affect the B19V seroprevalence in SCD and beta-thalassemia group. Further investigations in this field could be suggested to better understand the virus distribution in this susceptible population of patients. © 2020, The Author(s)

Bacterial coinfection among coronavirus disease 2019 patient groups: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 raised the attention towards bacterial coinfection and its role in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. This study aims to systematically review and identify the pooled prevalence of bacterial coinfection in the related articles. A comprehensive search was conducted in international databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, to identify the articles on the prevalence of bacterial coinfections in COIVD-19 patients from 1 December 2019 until 30 December 2020. All observational epidemiological studies that evaluated the prevalence of bacterial coinfections in patients with COVID-19 were included without any restriction. Forty-two studies including a total sample size of 54,695 were included in the analysis. The pooled estimate for the prevalence of bacterial coinfections was 20.97 (95 CI: 15.95–26.46), and the pooled prevalence of bacterial coinfections was 5.20 (95 CI: 2.39–8.91) for respiratory subtype and 4.79 (95 CI: 0.11–14.61) for the gastrointestinal subtype. The pooled prevalence for Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office and South-East Asia Regional Office was 100 (95 CI: 82.35–100.00) and 2.61 (95 CI: 1.74–3.62). This rate of coinfection poses a great danger towards patients, especially those in critical condition. Although there are multiple complications and adverse effects related to extensive use of antibiotics to treat patients with COVID-19, it seems there is no other option except applying them, and it needs to be done carefully. © 2021 The Author