“A Splendid Delusion:” Reassessing Vaccination in England, 1796-1853

Often characterized as a ground-breaking and well-integrated innovation, the smallpox vaccine encountered popular apprehension and resistance at the turn of the nineteenth century. Prior contemporary accounts relegate the bulk of England’s vaccination resistance movement in this period to the late nineteenth century, ignoring vocalized resistances in the technology’s first few decades. Additionally, whatever discussion exists of vaccination in the early-nineteenth century is progressive in tone, praising Jenner for developing a technology that would later eradicate smallpox in 1980. Scientific publications and archived parliamentary debates of the early 1800s reveal a fragmented consensus concerning vaccination value

Privacy and the global media in the information age

The protection of privacy is being increasingly recognised worldwide by the courts, and media regulators, as a result of what is seen as a more powerful and intrusive media, and the effect of the internet. A right to privacy may even apply in a public place. This article examines the impact this has on the media in the information age? New Zealand now has a tort of interference with privacy. The criminal courts are also considering privacy values in issues ranging from suppression orders to release of court information to the public. The Broadcasting Standards Authority has revised its privacy principles. Codes of conduct with regard to the print media also acknowledge privacy. But the protection of privacy has its genesis in the 1890s and not in the digital age. A seminal article by Warren and Brandeis, ‘The Right to Privacy’ (1890), was a reaction to what was at that time seen as an over-powerful media. United States jurisprudence evolved to the Prosser and Keeton formulation in the 1960s. New Zealand jurisprudence has relied on this formulation to advance privacy rights. The English courts have taken a similar approach in the much publicised Douglas v Hello! and Naomi Campbell cases. The European courts, as a reaction to an overactive paparazzi, have pushed the bounds of privacy in the Peck and Princess Caroline cases. The High Court of Australia considered privacy in Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd.  Finally, the International Covenants and protection of privacy

God’s Dominion: Omar Ibn Said use of Arabic literacy as opposition to Slavery

Omar ibn Said’s Th e Life of Omar Ibn Said, Written by Himself (1831) occupies a unique position within the slave narrative tradition. As the only surviving Arabic autobiography written by a slave from the United States, the Life juxtaposes a religious exegesis based on the textual authority of the Qur’an with a first-person account of Omar’s life. Only recently rediscovered, having been found in a trunk in a Virginia at-tic in 1995 and sold to a private collector after being lost since 1920, the manuscript has sparked renewed interest in writings by enslaved Muslims in America, and in particular Omar’s literacy in Arabic and his religious training. Omar’s Life is a hybrid narrative: it is a slave narrative, a spiritual narrative, and a quasi-conversion narrative. Th is essay examines two critical moments in Omar’s life—his Arabic writings on the walls of a Fayetteville, North Carolina, jail during his imprisonment and his ambiguous relationship to Christianity later in life. Omar’s meditation on the Qur’anic chapter Al-Mulk, which means “Dominion” or “Sovereignty,” encapsulates the contradictions between these narrative modes, challenges the religious sanction of slavery, and undermines the practice of granting slaveholders dominion over other human beings

Simulação aplicada a processos de prestação de serviços

A simulação é uma ferramenta de análise que tem demonstrado grande relevância nos processos produtivos relativos à prestação de serviços. Este trabalho usa a simulação a eventos discretos para o estudo de um sistema de prestação de serviços onde se analisam as variáveis mais importantes e de maior impacto sobre o lucro e o nível de qualidade do serviço. Foi feito o delineamento de um experimento, a simulação do modelo construído e posterior análise. Os resultados mostram as variáveis mais importantes do sistema, permitindo conhecer onde se devem tomar medidas dentro do sistema para obter os melhores resultados. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Simulation is an analysis tool that has proven to be relevant in service systems process applications. This work uses discrete event simulation to study a service system, in which the variables that have the most effect on profit and service levels were evaluated. The experiment was modelled, simulated and afterwards the results were analyzed. Results show the most important system variables, allowing decision makers to identify where the measures should be taken to obtain the best results.Ingeniería Industria

The journals of Maria Graham (1785-1842)

Maria Graham is known as a travel writer, but she also translated works from French and German into English, wrote on history, painting, stories for children, and kept personal journals. My thesis centres on her travel journals and memoirs, published and unpublished. Graham is one of the first female travel writers to acquire fame as a writer shortly after publication, or to provoke controversy; in the cases of Brazil and Chile she actually is the first woman to write about those emerging states. She is outstanding as well for the authority of her narrative voice, her disregard of restrictions imposed on women’s text during her time, her complex approach to gender issues and for the changes experienced by her narrating persona. She begins by constructing a well informed but detached observer who reports her visit to India and the first visit to Brazil in a cold and distant voice, but who later allows another voice to filter through her text, an event that turns the narrator into a mere shadow in parts of the journal on Chile. It is in this journal that Graham begins to build up a contradictory persona who can be superior, ironic, and scathing when describing other women, but who can portray herself as a helpless heroine in a traditional romance when her script so demands it. In the second visit to Brazil this complex narrator becomes warmly eulogising of the country and its ruler, but this attitude does not last. The position is reversed in the third journal, which has elements of a spy thriller at times. The last chapter concerns the journals written in and about Europe regardless of chronology; they illustrate one of the main postulates of the thesis: that Graham evolved as narrator from detached observer to heroine up to the journals written at the end of her life, which become explorations into the narrator’s inner self

Dental Implant Failure Rate and Marginal Bone Loss in Smokers Compared to Non-Smokers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background:Although dental implant therapy is considered a predictable treatment modality with reported high survival and success rates, biological complications do occur, and a number of risk factors have been involved. Tobacco smoking is related to many health risks affecting general & oral health. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to test the null hypothesis of no difference in dental implant failure rates and marginal bone loss between smokers and non-smokers with regards to follow-up time. Search methods: An extensive electronic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost Dentistry and Oral Sciences source to identify relevant articles published up to June 2019. The eligibility criteria included randomized and non-randomized clinical trials & prospective & retrospective observational studies. After a thorough selection process, 23 papers were included. The meta-analysis was expressed in terms of the odds ratio (OR) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% and the level of statistical significance was set at P \u3c 0.05. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in marginal bone loss favoring the non-smoking group with a SMD of 1.07 (95% CI 0.67–1.48), demonstrating a statistically significant difference in favor of non-smokers (P Author’s conclusion: Based on the results of this review, the null hypothesis is rejected, and that is in agreement with other reports in the literature. Therefore, the clinical recommendation for a period of abstinence from smoking that at least covers the pre-surgical evaluation & initial therapy, definite implant treatment & immediate post-op phases remains to be very relevant