Geochemical Classification of Groundwater Quality and Its Mapping in a Dry Sub Climate (A Case Study of Lasbela Region)

The study was conducted on effect of ground water quality and its effect on soil and crop productivity during June 2012-13 in Tehsil Uthal, District Lasbella. Field data was collected through questionnaires. Water and soil samples were collected from 32 randomly selected sites. In groundwater samples Electrical Conductivity, pH, TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate and sulphate were determined from water as well as from soil samples except sulphate.  After analysis of  groundwater samples 97%  were moderate saline  range, 3%  of water samples were greater than 3 dSm-1 (highly saline).About 78% of groundwater samples were in category of moderate range with SAR values between 3-6, while 22% were of severe class range (SAR >9). The pH of groundwater samples ranged from 6.8 to 8.2 with an average of 7.5.The average value of TDS was 1365 mgL-1 ranged 697-2032 mgL-1.Carbonates were totally absent in the groundwater samples. Bicarbonate concentrations were ranged from 1.8 to 2.5 meql-1. Sulphate ranged between 7.9 to 14.1 meql-1 with an average value of 11 meql-1. Keywords:Salinity, Sodicity, Groundwater, Electrical Conductivity, SAR, Total Dissolved Salt

ANALISIS HARGA KOMPONEN STRUKTUR BANGUNAN TAHAN GEMPA PADA ZONA 14 DAN ZONA 15 DI PROVINSI ACEH

Bencana gempa bumi sangat rentan terjadi di Indonesia dikarenakan Indoneisa terletak diantara tiga lempeng aktif dunia, yaitu lempeng Eurasia, Indo-Australia dan Pasifik. Bencana tersebut mengakibatkan kerugian materi dan jiwa. Gempa bumi yang terjadi telah menimbulkan kerusakan infrastruktur, situs-situs budaya, dan rumah pada pemukiman-pemukiman. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut maka diperlukan perencanaan sebuah bangunan konstruksi yang baik dan kuat yang mengacu pada standar yang berlaku. Perencanaan sebuah bangunan konstruksi yang baik dan kuat akan berpengaruh pada estimasi biaya . Jika terjadi kesalahan pada estimasi biaya maka akan berdampak negatif pada proses sebuah konstruksi dan pihak-pihak lain yang terlibat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis harga komponen struktur bangunan berupa balok, kolom dan plat yang dibutuhkan dalam pembangunan gedung pada wilayah gempa zona 14 dan zona 15 di Provinsi Aceh. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan merencanakan desain model struktur bangunan terlebih dahulu, dengan klasifikasi bangunan tidak sederhana 6 lantai dan 8 lantai. Beban gempa mengacu pada respons spectrum pada zona 14 untuk Kota Sabang dan zona 15 untuk Kabupaten Aceh Jaya serta faktor keutamaan gempa (FUG) sebesar 1,00 ; 1,25 ; 1,50. Hasil penelitian berupa harga komponen struktur untuk bangunan tidak sederhana 6 lantai dan 8 lantai pada setiap zona dan FUG. Total harga terbesar untuk zona 14 dan zona 15 terdapat pada FUG 1,50 pada bangunan tidak sederhana 8 lantai yaitu Rp 7.734.559.432, dan Rp 7.897.767.842, sedangkan harga terkecil terdapat pada FUG 1,00 untuk bangunan tidak sederhana 6 lantai yaitu sebesar 4.958.331.369 dan Rp 5.007.787.730. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa zonasi gempa mempengaruhi harga komponen struktural yang diakibatkan dari beban gempa yang bekerja sesuai zonasi konstruksi bangunan yang ditinjau.Kata Kunci: Estimasi, Zonasi Gempa, Klasifikasi Bangunan, Komponen Harga Struktural

SOSIALISASI DIGITAL MARKETING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN DAYA TARIK WISATA PEMANCINGAN DENIS KOTAPULU

  Pentingnya sektor pariwisata memberi dampak yang sangat besar bagi masyarakat, terutama masyarakat yang berada di kawasan atau lokasi yang menjadi tujuan wisata. Adapun Desa yang mempunyai potensi wisata yakni Desa Kotapulu yang merupakan salah satu Desa yang terletak di Kecamatan Dolo Kabupaten Sigi. Desa Kotapulu berjarak 5 km dari pusat pemerintahan Sulawesi Tengah yakni Kota Palu. Salah satu bidang parawisata yakni Pemancingan Denis sebagai salah satu objek wisata yang akan mendorong peningkatan ekonomi bagi Kotapulu. Pelaksanaan pengabdian masyarakat menggunakan metode sosialisasi dan pendampingan memanfaatkan digital marketing di Desa Kotapulu Kecamatan Dolo Kabupaten Sigi dengan waktu pelaksanaan kurang lebih selama 5 bulan di mulai dari bulan September 2022 sampai bulan Januari 2023.  Berdasarkan hasil dari sosialisasi dan pembuatan akun media sosial yang dilaksanakan telah menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pemahaman mengenai pengelolaan media sosial sebagai daya tarik wisata. Melalui kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini kemampuan pengelola pemasaran digital menjadi selangkah lebih maju dan modern

ANALISA USABILITY WEBSITE INFOTECH (I-LAB) INFORMATIKA MENGGUNAKAN METODE SYSTEM USABILITY SCALE (SUS)

Science and technology are progressing rapidly, with education experiencing notable transformation in teaching approaches. The Infotech (I-Lab) website plays a pivotal role as a crucial information system for informatics study program students. Evaluating system satisfaction becomes vital to align with user expectations. To analyze user contentment, the System Usability Scale (SUS) methodology proves effective. Employing the SUS questionnaire, the goal is to calculate an average score, utilized to interpret the system's efficacy across Acceptability, Grade Scale, and Adjective Ratings dimensions. Interpretation follows guidelines outlined by the System Usability Scale (SUS). The Infotech (I-Lab) website attains an average SUS score of 71.5, categorizing it as "acceptable." Users highlight the website's commendable appearance, modernity, and informativeness. On the adjective scale, the website's performance ranks as "OK," and it secures a "C" ranking on the assessment scale. Based on this data, the Infotech (I-Lab) website is classified as "acceptable," receiving an "OK" rating and a "C" rank

The Effect of Different Levels of Irrigation and Potassium (K) Application on Seed Erucic Content for Different Varieties of Brassica under Field Conditions

Field experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangements at Malakandher Research Farm Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar Pakistan to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and potassium on seed Erucic Acid content of Brassica. Four varieties Wester, Rainbow, Oscar and Legend were selected on the basis of their good response to potassium application in water stress conditions.maximum erucic acid content (6.68%) was observed in treatments of 60% irrigation and minimum erucic acid content (4.67%) was observed in plants treated with 100% irrigation level.In case of potassium, maximum erucic acid content (5.66%) was noted in those treatments which received 120 kg K ha-1 and minimum erucic acid content (5.45%) when treated with 90 kg K ha-1. I x K interaction indicated maximum erucic acid content (6.79%) in plants treated with 60% irrigation level and 60 kg K ha-1 while minimum erucic acid content (4.54%) was noted in plants treated with 60 kg K ha-1 and 100% irrigation. Keywords: Erucic Acid, Potassium, Irrigation, Stress, Brassica, Variet

Identifikasi Jenis Pohon pada Hutan Kota Alun-Alun Kabupaten Polewali mandar

Urban forests function effectively as climate controllers, including functioning as lowering temperature, absorbing solar radiation, and breaking wind flow. The selection of potential tree species with regional typologies and their designation for urban forest development is an effort to reduce these negative impacts. The purpose of this study was to identify the diversity of tree species in the urban forest of Polewali Mandar Regency Square. This research was conducted in March-May 2023 in the town square area of Polewali Mandar Regency. The research method is the census method, namely by recording all types and number of trees that grow above the ground. There were 8 plots with the size of each plot of 20 m x 20 m. The results showed that there were 14 types of trees in the city forest area of Polewali Mandar Regency consisting of 9 families. Ketapang Kencana (Terminalia mantaly) is a tree species that has the highest importance index value of 109.46%. The tree diversity index value is 1.299% which is in the medium categor

Characterization of Salinity and Sodicity Levels in Groundwater and Their Impact on the Yield of Banana (Musa Indicata) in District Lasbela

The study on characterization of different levels of salinity and sodicity was carried in district Lasbela during 2012-2013.The study area is situated between 24°-54 and 26°-37 north latitude and 64°-02 and 67°-28 east longitude. Lasbela’s geography and landscape is diverse and interesting. A total no 32 groundwater samples were collected from the study area. Water was characterized in accordance to the diagram for the classification of irrigation waters based on EC and SAR values. 94 % of the sites were falling in the high salinity class of C3 where as only 6% of the sites were falling in the C4 class. On the other hand, nearly 81% of the sites have SAR values below 10, which fall in the low category of sodicity S1. Hence only 19% of the sites have medium SAR. The percentage of the salts of the same site is higher when compared to its sodicity. The combined ECw-SAR classification of groundwater of 81% of the samples are in C3-S1 class followed by the respective classes of C4-S1 and C4-S2 at 13% and 6% of the groundwater analysed. Such water is classified as highly and very highly saline for irrigation. The average yield of banana in the whole area was 7447 kg/ha/year. ECw has no impact on yield of crops in the region. However a weak but general increase in salinity shows a bit increasing trend in yield while a minute increase in salinity shows a decreasing trend. Also SAR has no noimpact on yield of crops in the region. This might be because of use of such water that was entirely feasible particularly on light (sandy) soils. The present groundwater may be considerably better under many conditions that might be usable which be able to be successfully be applied to produce good yields of salt tolerant crops. Keywords: Lasbela, Groundwater Quality, Salinity, Sodicity, Yield, Banana, USDA

Assessment of Coefficient of Variation of Emitters Flow Rate with Respect to Design, Manufacturer and Plugging in Installed Drip Irrigation Systems at Selected Sites of Peshawar Valley

The study was conducted to assess the performance of drip irrigation systems installed at Charsadda, Malakand Agency and Nowshera. The performance parameters of the drip irrigation system included the coefficient of variation of emitters flow rate with respect to design of manufacturer, hydraulics, grouping of the emitters, plugging, uniformity, efficiency, adequacy and estimated design discharge , measured Cv(H) values for all plots are less than 30%.  Hydraulic design seems to be only one of the minor factors in the evaluation of overall uniformity of a micro-irrigation system. Having the Cv(HM) variations are only about 0-7% except plot No.1 of Nowshera farm that is 24.16%, expressed by Cv. micro-irrigation system can be designed hydraulically to maintain emitter flow uniformity within 10% or 20% emitter flow variations. Grouping variation of emitters flow is 0-4% in Charsadda and Malakand Agency farm. In plot No.1 of Nowshera farm its 20.60% while in plot No.2 and 3 it is 0%. The group coefficient is affected by emitters flow rate that is uniform. In Charsadda and Malakand Agency farm the overall effect of hydraulic, manufacturer and grouping are 0-7.11% and 0-1.02% in plot No.3 and 2 of Nowshera farm, in plot No.1 it is 31.75%. Among all the factors affecting the uniformity, plugging is the most significant factor. The Cv(P) is 0% resulted from partial plugging. 5-10% plugging could produce Cv(P) of 23-33%. This system has no plugging, which implies that the system is performing excellent. Cv(HMP) was evidently affected most by hydraulic and manufacture variation. The overall Cv(HMP) is maximum in Charsadda plot No.2 is 16.1%  while in plot No.3 and 4 this range from 1.8 to 0.6%. In Malakand and Nowshera farm this overall variation give negative values due to more variation in the level of plugging and CV(HM). . Keywords: Coefficient of Variation, Emitters, Plugging, Uniformity, Drip Irrigatio

Over Exploitation of Groundwater Resources and Their Influence on Groundwater in Peshawar Valley

In this study the objective is to find the impact of the rainwater recharge on the ground water table fluctuations. For this purpose the data about different sources of discharge from the ground water as well as the sources of water recharged into the ground water was collected. The discharge of these Tube wells ranges from 1200 gallons per hour for a Tube-well in Pishtakhera Payan to 50625 gallons per hour from an Irrigation Tube well in Lakaray. It was also observed that both turbine and submersible pumps are used in these tube-wells. After summing up all the discharges from all the tube wells it was found to be 7,401,684 gallons per hour (7.78m3/sec). According to PDA report area of Peshawar is 1257 Km2. Since Depth of water per unit time is total discharge / total Area, therefore depth of water per second is 7.77 / (1257*1000^2) = 6.18 * 10-9 m/sec. Depth of water per year = 6.18 * 10-9 * 3600*12*365= 0.098 m /year= 98 mm / year. The average discharge of each commercial well was found to be 0.38 Liters / second. Since ttal number of union councils in Peshawar region are 92, therefore on average total number of commercial/community tube wells are 552. Taking average discharge for each tube well as 0.38 Liters / sec, total discharge from the commercial wells in Peshawar region will be 552*0.38=209.76 Liters per second which is equal to 0.2098 cubic meter per second. Discharge from commercial wells per year=0.2098*3600*4*365= 1102498.6 cubic meter per year.Total depth of water discharged by the commercial wells from the Peshawar region is Depth of water = 1102498.6 / 1169*1000^2=0.94mm/year.Assuming two hours operation of hand pump daily, total outflow of water from town-II is equal to 22873905.7 cubic meters per year. Total depth of water discharged from town-II using hand pumps was found to be equal to 52.28 mm per year.So total annual depth of water discharged out through hand pumps from three towns (II, III, and IV) is equal to 171.05 mm. Keywords: Rainwater, Recharge, Hand Pump, Tube well, Discharge, Total Dept

Hepatic Encephalopathy: Early Diagnosis in Pediatric Patients With Cirrhosis

How to Cite This Article: Dara N, Sayyari AA, Imanzadeh F. Hepatic Encephalopathy: Early Diagnosis in Pediatric Patients With Cirrhosis. Iran J Child Neurol. 2014 Winter; 8(1):1-11.ObjectiveAs acute liver failure (ALF) and chronic liver disease (cirrhosis) continue to increase in prevalence, we will see more cases of hepatic encephalopathy.Primary care physician are often the first to suspect it, since they are familiar with the patient’s usual physical and mental status. This serious complication typically occurs in patients with severe comorbidities and needs multidisciplinary evaluation and care. Hepatic encephalopathy should be considered in any patient with acute liver failure and cirrhosis who presents with neuropsychiatric manifestations, decrease level of consciousness (coma), change of personality, intellectualand behavioral deterioration, speech and motor dysfunction.Every cirrhotic patient may be at risk; potential precipitating factors should be addressed in regular clinic visits. The encephalopathy of liver disease may be prominent, or can be present in subtle forms, such as decline of school performance, emotional outbursts, or depression.“Subtle form” of hepatic encephalopathy may not be obvious on clinical examination, but can be detected by neurophysiologic and neuropsychiatric testing.References:Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, Tarter R, Weissenborn K, Blei AT. Hepatic encephalopathy definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998.Hepatology 2002;35:716-21.BleiAT,Cordoba J. Hepatic encephalopathy. AmJ Gastroenterol 2001;96:1968–76.Vaquero J,Chung C, Cahill ME, BleiAT. Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 2003;23:259-69.Bajaj JS, Wade JB, Sanyal AJ. Spectrum of neurocognitive impairment in cirrhosis: Implications for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2009; 50:2014–21.Norenberg MD, Jayakumar AR, Rama Rao KV, Panickar KS. New concepts in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. Metab Brain Dis 2007;22:219–34.Häussinger D, Görg B. Interaction of oxidative stress, astrocyte swelling and cerebral ammonia toxicity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13:87–92.Hassall E, Benson L,HartM, et al.Hepatic encephalopathy after portacaval shunt in a noncirrhotic child. J Pediatr 1984;105:439–41.Zaki AE, Ede RJ, Davis M, Williams R. Experimental studies of blood brain barrier permeability in acute hepatic failure. Hepatology 1984;4:359–63.Zaki AE, Wardle EN, Canalese J, et al. Potential toxins of acute liver failure and their effects on blood–brain barrier permeability. Experientia 1983;39:988–91.Roy S, Pomier-Layrargues G, Butterworth RF, Huet PM. Hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic and portacaval shunted dogs: lack of changes in brain GABAuptake, brain GABAlevels, brain glutamic acid decarboxylase activity and brain postsynaptic GABA receptors. Hepatology 1988;8:845–9.Schliess F, Görg B, Häussinger D. RNA oxidation and zinc in hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia. Metab Brain Dis 2009;24:119–34.Jalan R, Hayes PC. Hepatic encephalopathy and ascites. Lancet 1997;350:1309-15.Walker CO, Schenker S. Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy--with special reference to the role of ammonia. Am J Clin Nutr 1970;23:619–32.Romero-Gómez M, Ramos-Guerrero R, Grande L, et al. Intestinal glutaminase activity is increased in liver cirrhosis and correlates with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2004; 41:49–54.Nance FC, Kaufman HJ, Kline DG. Role of urea in the hyperammonemia of germ-free Eck fistula dogs.Gastroenterology 1974;66:108–12.Llansola M, Rodrigo R, Monfort P, Montoliu C, Kosenko E, Cauli O, et al. NMDA receptors in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2007;22:321–35.Montoliu C, Piedrafita B, Serra MA, del Olmo JA, Urios A, Rodrigo JM, et al. IL-6 and IL-18 in blood may discriminate cirrhotic patients with and without minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009;43:272–9.Desjardins P, Butterworth RF. The “peripheral-type” benzodiazepine (omega 3) receptor in hyperammonemic disorders. Neurochem Int 2002; 41:109–114.Häussinger D, Schliess F. Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy. Gut 2008;57:1156-65.McClain CJ, Zieve L, Doizaki WM, Gilberstadt S, Onstad GR. Blood methanethiol in alcoholic liver disease with and without hepatic encephalopathy. Gut 1980;21:318–23.Guevara M, Baccaro ME, Torre A, Gómez-Ansón B, Ríos J, Torres F, et al. Hyponatremia is a risk factor of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a prospective study with time-dependent analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1382–9.Poveda MJ, Bernabeu A, Concepción L, Roa E, de Madaria E, Zapater P, et al. Brain edema dynamics in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy A magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 2010;52:481-7.Bernthal P, Hays A, Tarter RE, Van Thiel D, Lecky J, Hegedus A. Cerebral CT scan abnormalities in cholestatic and hepatocellular disease and their relationship to neuropsychologic test performance. Hepatology 1987;7:107-14.Sugimoto R, Iwasa M, Maeda M, Urawa N, Tanaka H, Fujita N, et al. Value of the apparent diffusion coefficient for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1413–20.Häussinger D. Low grade cerebral edema and the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2006;43:1187–90.Masson S, Mardini HA, Rose JD, Record CO. Hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion: a decade of experience. QJM 2008;101:493–501.Boyer TD, Haskal ZJ. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the management of portal hypertension: update 2009. Hepatology 2010;51:306.Kircheis G, Knoche A, Hilger N, Manhart F, Schnitzler A, Schulze H, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy and fitness to drive. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1706–1715.e1–9.Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Schubert CM, Hafeezullah M, Franco J, Varma RR, et al. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is associated with motor vehicle crashes: the reality beyond the driving test. Hepatology 2009;50:1175–83.Hartmann IJ, Groeneweg M, Quero JC, Beijeman SJ, de Man RA, Hop WC, et al. The prognostic significance of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. AmJ Gastroenterol 2000;95:2029–2034.Bustamante J, Rimola A, Ventura PJ, Navasa M, Cirera I, Reggiardo V, et al. Prognostic significance of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1999;30:890–895.Murray KF, Carithers RL Jr; AASLD. AASLD practice guidelines: evaluation of the patient for liver transplantation. Hepatology 2005;41:1407–32.Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, Tarter R, Weissenborn K, Blei A. Hepatic encephalopathy– definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of theworking party at the 11thWorldCongresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology 2002;35:716–21.Kugler CF, Taghavy A, Fleig WE,Hahn EG. Visual P300 in acute hepatic encephalopathy resulting fromnon-A, non-B fulminant hepatitis: analysis of the course before and after orthotopic liver transplantation. Z Elektroenzephalogr Elektromyogr Verwandt 1991;22:259–63.Plauth M, Cabré E, Riggio O, Assis-Camilo M, Pirlich M, Kondrup J;DGEM (German Society for Nutritional Medicine); ESPEN (European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition). ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: liver disease. Clin Nutr 2006;25:285–94.Gheorghe L, Iacob R, Vadan R, Iacob S, Gheorghe C. Improvement of hepatic encephalopathy using a modified high-calorie high-protein diet. Rom J Gastroenterol 2005;14:231–8.Elkington SG, Floch MH, Conn HO. Lactulose in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A doubleblind clinical trial. N Engl J Med 1969;281:408–12.38. Conn HO, Leevy CM, Vlahcevic ZR, Rodgers JB, Maddrey WC, Seeff L, et al. Comparison of lactulose and neomycin in the treatment of chronic portalsystemic encephalopathy. A double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1977;72(4 pt 1):573–83.Prasad S, Dhiman RK, Duseja A, Chawla YK, Sharma A, Agarwal R. Lactulose improves cognitive functions and health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis who have minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2007;45:549–59.Weber FL Jr. Effects of lactulose on nitrogen metabolism. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1997;222:83–7.Morgan MY, Hawley KE. Lactitol vs. lactulose in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients: a doubleblind, randomized trial. Hepatology 1987;7:1278–84.Dawson AM, McLaren J, Sherlock S.Neomycin in the treatment of hepatic coma. Lancet 1957;273:1262–8.248.Atterbury CE, Maddrey WC, Conn HO. Neomycinsorbitol and lactulose in the treatment of acute portal systemic encephalopathy. A controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Am J Dig Dis 1978;23:398–406.44. Berk DP, Chalmers T. Deafness complicating antibiotic therapy of hepatic encephalopathy. Ann Intern Med 1970;73:393–6.Cabrera J, Arroyo V, Ballesta AM, Rimola A, Gual J, Elena M, et al. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicityin cirrhosis. Value of urinary beta 2-microglobulin to discriminate functional renal failure from acute tubular damage. Gastroenterology 1982;82:97–105.Blei AT, Córdoba J; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:1968–76.Rothenberg ME, Keeffe EB. Antibiotics in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: an evidence based review. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2005;5(suppl 3):26–35.Murphy N, Auzinger G, Bernel W, Wendon J. The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology 2004;39:464-70.49. Charlton M. Branched-chain amino acid enriched supplements as therapy for liver disease. J Nutr 2006;136(suppl 1):295S–298S.Egberts EH, Schomerus H, Hamster W, Jürgens P. [Branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of latent porto-systemic encephalopathy. A placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over study] [in German]. Z Ernahrung swiss 1986; 25:9–28.Plauth M, Egberts EH, Hamster W, Török M, Müller PH, Brand O, et al. Long-term treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy with branched-chain amino acids. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. J Hepatol 1993;17:308–14.Les I, Doval E, García-Martínez R, Planas M, Cárdenas G, Gómez P, et al. Effects of branched-chain amino acids supplementation in patients with cirrhosis and a previous episode of hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized study. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:1081-8.Schliess F, Görg B, Häussinger D. RNA oxidation and zinc in hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia. Metab Brain Dis 2009;24:119–34.Efrati C, Masini A, Merli M, Valeriano V, Riggio O. Effect of sodium benzoate on blood ammonia response to oral glutamine challenge in cirrhotic patients: a note of caution. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3574–8.Schmid M, Peck-Radosavljevic M, König F, Mittermaier C, Gangl A, Ferenci P. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous L-ornithine-Laspartate on postural control in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Int 2010;30:574–82.Blei AT. MARS and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy [in Spanish). Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;28:100-4.Heemann U, Treichel U, Loock J, Philipp T, Gerken G, Malago M, et al. Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: a prospective, controlled study. Hepatology 2002;36:949–58.Zidi SH, Zanditenas D, Gelu-Siméon M, Rangheard AS, Valla DC, et al. Treatment of chronic portosystemic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients by embolization of portosystemic shunts. Liver Int 2007;27:1389-93.Dhar R, Young GB, Marotta P. Perioperative neurological complications after liver transplantation are best predicted by pre-transplant hepatic encephalopathy. Neurocrit Care 2008;8:253–8.Teperman LW, Peyregne VP. Considerations on the impact of hepatic encephalopathy treatments in the pretransplant setting. Transplantation 2010; 89:771–8.61. Senzolo M, Pizzolato G, Ferronato C, Chierichetti F, Boccagni P, Dam M, et al. Long-term evaluation of cognitive function and cerebral metabolism in liver transplanted patients. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:1295–1296.Butterworth RF. Neuronal cell death in hepatic encephalo- pathy. Metab Brain Dis 2007;22:309–320.DiMartini A, Chopra K. The importance of hepatic encephalo -pathy:pre-transplant and post-transplant. Liver Transpl 2009;15:121–3.Saner FH, Nadalin S, Radtke A, Sotiropoulos GC, Kaiser GM, Paul A. Liver transplantation and neurological side effects. Metab Brain Dis 2009;24:183-7.Sotil EU, Gottstein J, Ayala E, Randolph C, Blei AT. Impact of preoperative overt hepatic encephalopathy on neurocognitive function after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009;15:184-92