Cognitive Mirage: A Review of Hallucinations in Large Language Models

As large language models continue to develop in the field of AI, text generation systems are susceptible to a worrisome phenomenon known as hallucination. In this study, we summarize recent compelling insights into hallucinations in LLMs. We present a novel taxonomy of hallucinations from various text generation tasks, thus provide theoretical insights, detection methods and improvement approaches. Based on this, future research directions are proposed. Our contribution are threefold: (1) We provide a detailed and complete taxonomy for hallucinations appearing in text generation tasks; (2) We provide theoretical analyses of hallucinations in LLMs and provide existing detection and improvement methods; (3) We propose several research directions that can be developed in the future. As hallucinations garner significant attention from the community, we will maintain updates on relevant research progress.Comment: work in progress; 21 page

Evolution of Financial Ecosystem from the CAS and EGT Perspective

In recent years, there is a large amount of literature that studies the theory of business ecosystem, but there is rarely literature on the financial system which plays a critical role in the good running of the enterprise. To fill this gap, the purpose of this paper is to address the evolution of financial ecosystem from an ecological and dynamic perspective. In order to provide a better presentation of the evolutionary process, based on complex adaptive system (CAS) theory and evolutionary game theory (EGT), this paper analyzed the adaptability of financial ecosystem and built an evolutionary game model of financial ecosystem to confirm the point of the view. The results show that the evolution of financial ecosystem is a dynamic adaptive process. Under the assumption of limited rationality, the financial ecosystem gradually finds the optimal strategy through adaptive learning, and finally the evolution reaches an equilibrium stage

Spectral element method for modeling Lamb wave interaction with open and closed crack

Lamb wave-based structural health monitoring is one of the most widely used damage detection techniques. For quantitatively identifying the damage, damage features that Lamb waves carry may need to be carefully studied by numerical simulation. In this paper, spectral element method (SEM) is used to simulate Lamb wave interaction with open and closed crack. Cracked spectral element models are established for open and closed cracks, respectively. Results calculated by SEM are compared with the conventional finite element method to verify the proposed model. Some simulations are conducted to study different damage features between open and closed crack models. Wave reflection and transmission ratios with different crack depths are also quantitatively analyzed. Damage features obtained are used to conduct a simple experiment to identify the location and size of the crack

Effect of Wuling powder on the pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in epileptic rats

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Wuling powder (WP) on the pharmacokinetics of valproic acid (VPA) in epileptic rats.Methods: A model of epilepsy was established in SD rats by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Twelve epileptic rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group given oral VPA alone at a dose of 180 mg/kg VPA, and drug combination group orally given VPA (180 mg/kg) co-administered with WP at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Blood sample (0.5 mL) was collected at 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 720 min after drug administration for measurement of plasma concentrations of VPA using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).Results: The AUC (0-480min) and maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) of VPA in the drug combination group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.01). The half-time (t1/2) and time taken to attain maximum plasma VPA concentration (Tmax) in the combination group were extended, when compared to control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results demonstrate that WP increases the plasma concentration of VPA and affects the pharmacokinetic properties of VPA in epileptic rats. Thus, the pharmacodynamic influence of this interaction should be taken into consideration while prescribing WP to epileptic patients already taking VPA

The Effect of Nonlinear Charging Function and Line Change Constraints on Electric Bus Scheduling

The recharging plans are a key component of the electric bus schedule. Since the real-world charging function of electric vehicles follows a nonlinear relationship with the charging duration, it is challenging to accurately estimate the charging time. To provide a feasible bus schedule given the nonlinear charging function, this paper proposes a mixed integer programming model with a piecewise linear charging approximation and multi-depot and multi-vehicle type scheduling. The objective of the model is to minimise the total cost of the schedule, which includes the vehicle purchasing cost and operation cost. From a practical point of view, the number of line changes of each bus is also taken as one of the constraints in the optimisation. An improved heuristic algorithm is then proposed to find high-quality solutions of the problem with an efficient computation. Finally, a real-world dataset is used for the case study. The results of using different charging functions indicate a large deviation between the linear charging function and the piecewise linear approximation, which can effectively avoid the infeasible bus schedules. Moreover, the experiments show that the proposed line change constraints can be an effective control method for transit operators

The role of arts therapies in mitigating Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders: a systematic review

IntroductionArts therapies offer effective non-pharmacological intervention for Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (SIMDs), encompassing both passive and active modalities. This review assesses their effectiveness and ethical considerations, focusing on music therapy, meditation, and Tai Chi.MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, a detailed search across PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CNKI identified 17 relevant RCTs. Utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality criteria and the PICO(S) framework for data extraction ensured methodological integrity.ResultsAnalysis shows arts therapies significantly improve sleep quality. Music therapy and meditation yield immediate benefits, while Tai Chi and Qigong require longer commitment for significant outcomes. DiscussionThe link between SIMDs and mental health issues like anxiety, stress, and depression suggests arts therapies not only enhance sleep quality but also address underlying mental health conditions. The evidence supports a wider adoption of arts therapies in treating SIMDs due to their dual benefits.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO, ID: CRD42024506393

Attributing Digitalization Decisions in Museums : A Multiple Case Study of Swedish Public Museums

In the context of digital transformation in the cultural and heritage sector, many museums are undergoing digital- ization. This qualitative study explores the digitalization status in the selected cases, underpins the decisions behind their digitalization practices, and identifies the factors that affect the decisions. The Swedish National Museum, Hallwhyska Museum, and Gävle Museum are selected as the bounded cases for this study. Applying the Digital Curation Lifecycle Model, this study conceptualizes the process mapping for digitalization projects; employing the attribution theory, this study identifies the internal and external factors affecting digitalization decisions.  As a multiple case study with a qualitative perspective, the data is collected through multiple sources, includ- ing interview data and web content retrieved from the selected museum’s websites. Following the research tradi- tion of organizational attribution, this study first collects and examines the digitalization practices of the selected museums; with the assistance of the lifecycle model, the practices are dismantled into a list of actions to concep- tualize the process mapping for digitalization projects and to identify the critical decisions at each stage; and then based on the interview data and the empirical evidence, this study identifies the factors affecting the decisions with the theoretical support of organizational attribution theory.  This study’s outcome brings insights into the institutional aspect of performing digitalization activities, thus contributing empirical evidence to future research in this field. The findings of this study indicate that the attribu- tion of museums’ digitalization decisions is complicated and can be affected by multiple factors and can be mul- tiple attributed. By reflecting on the process mapping and attribution process, this study tries to underscore the importance of contextuality and underpin the emerging trend in museums’ digitalization practices.

Attributing Digitalization Decisions in Museums : A Multiple Case Study of Swedish Public Museums

In the context of digital transformation in the cultural and heritage sector, many museums are undergoing digital- ization. This qualitative study explores the digitalization status in the selected cases, underpins the decisions behind their digitalization practices, and identifies the factors that affect the decisions. The Swedish National Museum, Hallwhyska Museum, and Gävle Museum are selected as the bounded cases for this study. Applying the Digital Curation Lifecycle Model, this study conceptualizes the process mapping for digitalization projects; employing the attribution theory, this study identifies the internal and external factors affecting digitalization decisions.  As a multiple case study with a qualitative perspective, the data is collected through multiple sources, includ- ing interview data and web content retrieved from the selected museum’s websites. Following the research tradi- tion of organizational attribution, this study first collects and examines the digitalization practices of the selected museums; with the assistance of the lifecycle model, the practices are dismantled into a list of actions to concep- tualize the process mapping for digitalization projects and to identify the critical decisions at each stage; and then based on the interview data and the empirical evidence, this study identifies the factors affecting the decisions with the theoretical support of organizational attribution theory.  This study’s outcome brings insights into the institutional aspect of performing digitalization activities, thus contributing empirical evidence to future research in this field. The findings of this study indicate that the attribu- tion of museums’ digitalization decisions is complicated and can be affected by multiple factors and can be mul- tiple attributed. By reflecting on the process mapping and attribution process, this study tries to underscore the importance of contextuality and underpin the emerging trend in museums’ digitalization practices.

Evolution of Financial Ecosystem from the CAS and EGT Perspective

In recent years, there is a large amount of literature that studies the theory of business ecosystem, but there is rarely literature on the financial system which plays a critical role in the good running of the enterprise. To fill this gap, the purpose of this paper is to address the evolution of financial ecosystem from an ecological and dynamic perspective. In order to provide a better presentation of the evolutionary process, based on complex adaptive system (CAS) theory and evolutionary game theory (EGT), this paper analyzed the adaptability of financial ecosystem and built an evolutionary game model of financial ecosystem to confirm the point of the view. The results show that the evolution of financial ecosystem is a dynamic adaptive process. Under the assumption of limited rationality, the financial ecosystem gradually finds the optimal strategy through adaptive learning, and finally the evolution reaches an equilibrium stage