3,290 research outputs found

    Anisotropic magnetic responses of topological crystalline superconductors

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    Majorana Kramers pairs emerged on surfaces of time-reversal-invariant topological crystalline superconductors show the Ising anisotropy to an applied magnetic field. We clarify that crystalline symmetry uniquely determines the direction of the Majorana Ising spin for given irreducible representations of pair potential, deriving constraints to topological invariants. Besides, necessary conditions for nontrivial topological invariants protected by the n-fold rotational symmetry are shown.Comment: Special Issue Topological Crystalline Insulators: Current Progress and Prospect

    日垞的な関わり方ず人ず猫の情緒的結び぀きに関する研究

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     人ず動物の関係に関する研究は、人ず動物の心的぀ながりや、動物からの恩恵など今日たでに様々行われおいる。特にコンパニオンアニマルからもたらされる恩恵は人ず動物の日垞的な関係から生じるず考えられおいる。適切な瀟䌚化、人ずの良い経隓、身䜓的接觊は人ず動物の関係の基瀎であり、人ず動物の情緒的぀ながりである絆の圢成に寄䞎する。瀟䌚性の高い犬ず比范し、猫は単独行動をする動物であるこずから、人から自由気たたな動物で、人に察しお瀟亀性がないずいう印象を受けおいる。しかし、近幎人ず猫の盞互䜜甚に関する研究が発展し、猫も人に察する瀟亀性があり、人ず盎接的に関わりをも぀こずが明らかずなっおきた。䟋えば、倧人は猫に話しかけ猫が近づいおくるのを埅぀が、子どもは積極的に猫に近づくため、猫は子どもよりも倧人を奜むこずが瀺されおおり、人偎の関わり方により猫の行動が倉化するこずが瀺されおいる。たた、シェルタヌから猫を譲枡された飌い䞻に猫を遞んだ理由を調査した研究では、猫の掻発で友奜的な行動を理由に挙げた飌い䞻が倚く、猫の行動が飌い䞻の猫ずの関わりの起点ずなっおいるこずが瀺唆されおいる。これらのこずから猫ずの盎接的な関わり方が人ず猫の双方に圱響し、関係性を倉化させおいくこずが考えられた。そしお関わりの堎面における䞡者の行動孊的ならびに生理孊的な評䟡を埗るこずが、人ず猫の関係の理解に重芁ず考えた。そこで本研究は人ず猫の日垞的な関わり方、特に人が猫をなでるずいう行為に着目し、人が猫をなでるこずによる人ず猫ぞの圱響を生理孊的に明らかにするこずを目的ずした。1章 日垞的な人ず猫の関わり方の調査ず人から猫ぞの愛着に関䞎する関わり方の抜出 愛着は幌児ず母芪の間で圢成される情緒的絆の起点であり、個䜓間の関係性の根本をなす。人ず猫においおは、猫ぞの愛着が高い飌い䞻は飌育攟棄するこずが少ないこずが報告されおおり、人ず猫の間においおも愛着を介した絆が存圚する可胜性がある。このこずから、人ず猫の䞡者の関係の評䟡ずしお愛着に着目した。猫ず飌い䞻の亀流時間や亀流内容が、家族構成や飌育環境の違いにより異なるこずが明らかずなっおいるが、どのような日垞的な関わり方が猫ぞの愛着に関係するかを明らかにした研究はない。第1章では猫の飌い䞻ず猫の日垞的な関わり方の調査研究を行い、飌い䞻の猫に察する愛着に関䞎した関わり方を明らかにするこずを目的ずした。猫の飌い䞻を察象にりェブにおアンケヌト調査を行なった。調査項目は4郚構成であり、第䞀郚は幎霢や性別などの猫に関する基本情報17問、第二郚は「猫に話しかけるか」、「猫は近づいおくるか」などの猫ず飌い䞻の普段の関わり方に぀いおの21問、第䞉郚は飌い䞻の猫に察する愛着34問、第四郚は幎霢や性別などの飌い䞻自身の基本情報の10問の回答を埗た。有効回答数は602郚であり、最も倚かった関わり方は飌い䞻が「猫に話しかけるこず」97%であり、次いで「猫は飌い䞻になでられるこずが奜き」90%であった。「飌い䞻が猫の芁求を受け入れるこず」は61%、「猫ずコマンドによる亀流をする」は14%であった。「猫をなでる」ず「猫の芁求を受け入れる」は飌い䞻の猫ぞの愛着に匷く関䞎しおいた。この他にも「亀流時間」、「猫が飌い䞻の近くにいる」、「コマンドによる亀流」が愛着に関䞎しおおり、党お正の関連があった。第2章 猫をなでるこずによる人のストレス緩衝䜜甚 第1章で明らかにした人の猫ぞの愛着圢成に関䞎する日垞的な関わり方のうち、「猫をなでる」に着目した。これたでの研究でペットをなでるこずを含んだ亀流は、人の血圧ず心拍数の枛少をもたらすこずが報告されおいる。この効果が心疟患のリスクの軜枛に寄䞎しおいるず瀺唆されおおり、心疟患リスクの軜枛の芁因ずしおストレスの緩衝䜜甚が考えられる。このこずから猫ずの「なでる」を介した亀流が人のストレスを軜枛させるず仮説を立おた。そこで第2章では、猫ずの亀流が人のストレス負荷に䞎える生理的圱響を調べた。 心疟患ず猫アレルギヌのない倧孊生11名男性8名、女性3名、平均幎霢21.1±0.3歳を察象にした。11名のうち6名は䟛詊猫ず、5名は䟛詊犬ず普段から関わりがあった。実隓の流れは20分の安静preストレス負荷ずしお暗算MA5分、猫ずの亀流、犬ずの亀流、亀流なしのいずれかを行う20分間の亀流Int、15分安静postであった。3぀の亀流の順序はランダムであり、党お異なる日に行なった。本研究宀で飌育しおいる猫ず犬各1頭が実隓に参加した。人は唟液䞭コルチゟヌル濃床ず心拍倉動HRV、心理尺床POMS2、猫ず犬をなでた時間を評䟡指暙ずした。たた、猫ず犬の評䟡も行いHRVず人になでられた時間を評䟡指暙ずした。HRV解析では時間領域解析を行いRR間隔であるRRI、自埋神経党䜓の指暙であるSDNN、副亀感神経掻性の指暙であるRMSSDを算出した。RRI、SDNN、RMSSDはすべおpre、Int、post、に比べMAが有意に小さくなった。亀流20分間のSDNNは亀流なしよりも猫ずの亀流で有意に小さくなった。唟液䞭コルチゟヌル濃床に有意差はなかった。POMS2の掻気スコアの倉化量は亀流なしず比范し猫ず犬ずの亀流埌で有意に高くなった。猫は人になでられおいない時よりなでられおいる時にRRIが長くなった。猫のSDNNずRMSSDは人になでられおいる時ずなでられおいない時で有意差はなかった。猫ずは反察に、犬はなでられおいない時はなでられおいる時に比べRRI、SDNN、RMSSD党おで有意に倧きくなった。人になでられおいる時間ず猫のRMSSDに正の盞関がありSDNNずの盞関関係はなかった。 以䞊の結果から、ストレス負荷課題は人にずっおストレスずなり自埋神経系を掻性化させた。亀流なしに比べ猫ずの亀流でSDNNが小さかったこずは、副亀感神経掻性には差がなかったため亀感神経掻性が抑制されたこずが考えられた。埓っお猫ずの亀流はストレス軜枛効果がある可胜性が瀺された。さらに猫や犬ずの亀流により掻気が増加したこずから、猫ず犬の亀流は人のポゞティブな気分を増加させるこずが瀺された。猫はなでられおいる時間が長いほどリラックスする、たたはリラックスしおいるほど猫は人になでられるこずを受け入れるこずが考えられた。猫にずっお人になでられるこずは、猫同士で行う盞互グルヌミングの圹割ずなる可胜性が考えられた。䞀方犬では、人になでられおいる時にリラックスせず自埋神経系が掻性化した。これは普段行なっおいる遊びやコマンドによる亀流を期埅しおいたこずが考えられた。第3章 猫をなでるこずによる人の情動䞭枢ぞの圱響 2章で猫をなでるこずを含んだ亀流により人のポゞティブな気分の増加が瀺された。人は猫をなでるずき、猫の様子や行動を読み、猫のリラックスした状態を感じ「柔らかくお気持ちいい」などの情動が付随しお起こるこずが予想される。このこずから、猫をなでるこずは人の瀟䌚的情動の䞭枢に圱響する可胜性がある。瀟䌚的情動に関連のある脳郚䜍ずしお䞋前頭回に着目した。3章では猫をなでるこずが人の情動制埡䞭枢に䞎える圱響を明らかにするこずを目的ずした。 右利きで猫アレルギヌのない麻垃倧孊に圚籍䞭の孊生30名男性10名、女性20名、平均幎霢20.0±1.6歳を察象に実隓を行なった。猫は2章ず同じ猫を甚いた。頭郚前頭葉に16ヶ所の血流量を評䟡できるNIRSを装着し、同時に胞郚に心拍蚈を装着した。6぀の接觊課題猫のぬいぐるみの背䞭に手を眮くTP、猫のぬいぐるみを䞀定の速さでなでるSP、猫のぬいぐるみを自由になでるFP、本物の猫の背䞭に手を眮くTC、本物の猫を䞀定の速さでなでるSC、本物の猫を自由になでるFCをランダムに行なった。各課題埌に感情評䟡を行い、心拍デヌタは心拍倉動解析に甚いRMSSDずSDNNを算出し自埋神経掻性を評䟡した。その結果、女性の右䞋前頭回ではぬいぐるみよりも猫に接觊したずきに掻性が高くなった。さらに女性の右䞋前頭回の掻性は人のRMSSDず正の盞関、SDNNず負の盞関があり、感情䟡はぬいぐるみよりも猫に接觊したずきに高かった。右䞋前頭回は衚情やゞェスチャヌを芋たずきに掻性するこずが報告されおおり、猫に觊れたこずにより掻性した可胜性がある。女性にずっお猫に觊れるこず、猫をなでるこずは快情動ずリラックスを䌎うこずが瀺唆された。総合考察 猫をなでるこずは日垞的に倚く行われおおり、人の猫ぞの愛着に関䞎するこずが瀺された。さらに、猫のリラックス状態ず人になでられる時間は正の関係があった。これより猫がリラックスしおいる時になでるこずは盎接的な関わりを長くするこずに぀ながるこず、たたはなでる時間が長いほど猫はリラックスするこずが考えられた。そしお人は猫をなでるず快感情ずリラックスを䌎うこずが瀺され、盞互に䜜甚しおいるこずが明らかずなった。人ずの良い経隓ず身䜓的接觊は人ず動物の絆圢成に寄䞎するこずがいわれおおり、リラックスを䌎う猫をなでる関わり方を繰り返すこずは、人ず猫の情緒的結び぀きを生じさせる芁因ずなる可胜性が瀺された。男性ぞの圱響は怜蚎の䜙地があるが、日垞的に猫をなでるこずは人ず猫の友奜的な関係構築に有甚であるず考察した。Various studies have revealed the relationship between human and animal have physiological, psychological and social benefits in humans. It is thought that benefits from companion animals come from daily interaction between owners and animals. Appropriate socialization and positive experiences and physical contacts with human are thought to be the basis of human-animal relationship, and contribute to build human-animal emotional bond. As compared to dogs with high sociality, cats have impression of solitary, freewheeling, and unsociable animals. However, recent studies show that cats have sociability with human. For example, cats prefer adult humans because adult wait for the proximity from cat unlike child who actively approach and/or chase cats. Many adopters of cat from shelters gave the reason that friendliness and playfulness are very important factor to select cat to adopt. These results indicate that reciprocal interaction affects the relationship between human and cat. In addition, physiological and behavioral analyze of both human and cat on the interaction situation are important for forming better relationship between human and cat. The aim of this study was to clarify the physiological effects of daily interaction between human and cat on both side, especially focusing on stroking cat.Chapter 1 Survey of the way of daily interaction between human and catAttachment is an essential component of emotional bonds between infants and their caregivers and contributes the basis for the relationship between individuals. It was shown that people become highly attached to cats. In this chapter, it was examined how and which the way of daily interaction were related to the attachment between human and cat.Questionnaire surveys on the web were conducted for cat owners. Surveys composed of four parts; (1) 17 items of basic information about cats including age and sex, (2) 21 items of information about the way of interaction with cat such as “you talk to cat” or “your cat approach to you”, (3) 34 items of the owner’s attachment to cat, and (4) 10 items of basic information about owner including age and sex.The number of valid responses was 602. The most common answers to the ways of interaction were “you talk to the cat” (97%) and “your cat like to be petted by you” (90%). 61% of the owner accepted the cat\u27s request, and 14% of the owner interacted with the cat using command. The way of interaction of "you stroke your cat", "accept your cat\u27s request", "interaction time", "your cat stay near you", "interaction using command" was positively related to the owner’s attachment to the cat.Chapter 2 Stress buffering effect of human by stroking catsPrevious studues showed that the interaction involving stroking pets have decreased blood pressure and heart rate of the owners. These effects, regarded as social buffering, suggested to reduce the risk factor of cardiac disease. In this chapter, we hypothesized that the interaction using “stroke” with cat have effects of reduction of human psychological stress, revealing stress buffering effects of stroking cats on humans.Eleven college students (8 males, 3 females, age 21.1 ± 0.3 yrs) without heart disease and allergy to cats were recruited. The procedure of the experiment is 20 minute rest before stress loading (pre), 5 minutes mental arithmetic (MA), 20 minute interaction with a cat, dog or no interaction (Int), 15 minutes rest (post). The order of the three interactions was random, all done on different days. Evaluation indices in humans were; salivary cortisol concentration, heart rate variability (HRV), psychological measure (POMS 2), duration and number of stroking cats or dogs: cats and dogs; HRV, duration of being stroked by the human subject. In the HRV analysis, RR interval (RRI) and time domain analysis, SDNN as an index of the entire autonomic nerve, and RMSSD as an indicator of parasympathetic activity, was calculated.RRI, SDNN, RMSSD significantly decreased at MA compared with pre, Int, and post. SDNN for 20 minutes of interaction became significantly smaller with interaction with cats than without interaction. There was no significant difference in the salivary cortisol concentration. The change in the vigor score of POMS 2 was significantly higher after interaction with cats and dogs compared to without interaction. RRI of cat was longer by being stroked. RRI, SDNN, and RMSSD of dog were significantly shorter by being stroked. There was a positive correlation between RMSSD of cat and duration of being stroked.Human’s SDNN during interaction with cat was smaller than without interaction. There was no difference in RMSSD, suggesting no change in parasympathetic nervous activity, so sympathetic nerve activity might be suppressed by interaction with cats. Furthermore, vigor has increased in interaction with a cat and a dog, this means that interaction with cats or dogs might increase the person\u27s positive mood. Because cats’ RRI was decreased by being stroked, it was considered that the longer time cat is stroked by human, the more the cat might relax. Alternatively, more cat relaxes, the cats were more acceptable for being stroked by human. It was possible that stroking by human would mimic allogrooming among cats. On the other hand in dogs, the autonomic nervous system was activated by being stroked. It was thought that the dog was expecting interaction of play and command because of usual situation with the human subjects.Chapter 3 The emotional effect on human by stroking a catDuring stroking a cat, human look at the cat and may perceive relaxed condition of the cat. Therefore, it is expected that stroking a cat is accompanied by emotions such as "soft and pleasant". There is a possibility that stroking a cat may affect the center of human’s emotions. Focusing on the lower frontal gyrus as a brain region regulating social emotions, the aim of this chapter was to clarify the influence of stroking a cat on the emotional center of human brain.30 students (10 males, 20 females, age 20.0 ± 1.6 yrs) were enrolled in Azabu University who are right-handed and do not have allergy to cat. The cat used the same cat as in Chapter 2. Near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) evaluated 16 blood flow rates in the forehead frontal lobe, a heart rate meter was also attached to the subject. Six contact tasks (putting hands on the back of a cat\u27s stuffed toy (TP), stroking a cat\u27s stuffed toy at a constant speed (SP), stroking a cat\u27s stuffed toy freely (FP), putting a hand on the back of a real cat (TC), stroking a real cat at a constant speed (SC), stroking real cats freely (FC)) was randomly performed. Emotion assessment was performed after each task, and heart rate data were used for heart rate variability analysis (RMSSD and SDNN to evaluate automatic nerve activity). As a result, the woman\u27s right lower frontal gyrus became more activated when they touched the real cat rather than the stuffed cat. Furthermore, the activity of the right lower frontal cortex of women was negatively correlated with human SDNN and the positive correlation with human RMSSD. In addition, the emotional value was higher when contact with the cat than the stuffed cat. The lower right frontal gyrus has been reported to be activated when looking at facial expressions and gestures, and there is a possibility that it was activated by contact with a cat. It was suggested that touching the cat and stroking the cat in women involved pleasant emotion and relaxation.Conclusion“Stroking” is most common daily interaction between companion cat and their owner and involved with attachment of owner to their cat. “Stroking” also result in positive emotion of owner and relaxation of cat. “Stroking” might be one of important factors to build the emotional bond between human and cat.博士(å­Šè¡“)麻垃倧

    Exosomes in Cancer Diagnosis and Radiation Therapy

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    Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles that are released by all types of cells, including tumor cells, and mediate intercellular communication via the transport of various intracellular components, including microRNAs, messenger RNAs, and proteins. Radiation produces reactive oxygen species and induces DNA double-strand break in cancer cells and normal cells. Cancer cells have severe damage and die by irradiation, but normal cells can keep proliferation with their high DNA repair ability. Irradiated cells generate communication signals and cause biological changes in neighboring or distant non-irradiated cells. This review outlines the role of exosomes in radiation therapy. In the tumor microenvironment, exosomes are considered to regulate cell survival, migration, and resistance to therapy by interacting with vascular endothelial cells and various types of immune cells. Nowadays, radiation therapy is typically combined with immunotherapy. Regulation of the activity of exosomes may overcome the problem of resistance to immunotherapy. Furthermore, exosomes can attenuate resistance to chemotherapy by transporting certain types of microRNA. The current evidence suggests that exosomes may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in the future

    Enhanced superconducting transition temperatures in the rocksalt-type superconductors In1-xSnxTe (x <= 0.5)

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    We investigate superconductivity in In1-xSnxTe (x <= 0.5) synthesized at high pressures of up to 2 GPa and observe an enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature T-c for increasing tin concentration x. These compounds have not been accessible in rocksalt structure via conventional ambient pressure synthesis. While the lattice constant smoothly increases with x, T-c saturates around x = 0.4. Electronic structure calculations indicate that the Tc modulation is brought on by the change of the density of states in the vicinity of the Fermi energy [N(E-F)]. However, differences between the calculated N(E-F) and the observed electronic specific-heat coefficient indicate that the phonon dispersion plays an important role in the system and that the mechanism of superconductivity may not be the same in the entire doping range

    Monotone traveling wavefronts of the KPP-Fisher delayed equation

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    In the early 2000's, Gourley (2000), Wu et al. (2001), Ashwin et al. (2002) initiated the study of the positive wavefronts in the delayed Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piskunov-Fisher equation. Since then, this model has become one of the most popular objects in the studies of traveling waves for the monostable delayed reaction-diffusion equations. In this paper, we give a complete solution to the problem of existence and uniqueness of monotone waves in the KPP-Fisher equation. We show that each monotone traveling wave can be found via an iteration procedure. The proposed approach is based on the use of special monotone integral operators (which are different from the usual Wu-Zou operator) and appropriate upper and lower solutions associated to them. The analysis of the asymptotic expansions of the eventual traveling fronts at infinity is another key ingredient of our approach.Comment: 25 pages, 2 figures, submitte

    The Downregulation of the Expression of CD147 by Tumor Suppressor REIC/Dkk-3, and Its Implication in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Inhibition

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    The cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), also known as EMMPRIN, is a key molecule that promotes cancer progression. We previously developed an adenoviral vector encoding a tumor suppressor REIC/Dkk-3 gene (Ad-REIC) for cancer gene therapy. The therapeutic effects are based on suppressing the growth of cancer cells, but, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully clarified. To elucidate this mechanism, we investigated the effects of Ad-REIC on the expression of CD147 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Western blotting revealed that the expression of CD147 was significantly suppressed by Ad-REIC. Ad-REIC also suppressed the cell growth of LNCaP cells. Since other researchers have demonstrated that phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and c-Myc protein positively regulate the expression of CD147, we investigated the correlation between the CD147 level and the activation of MAPK and c-Myc expression. Unexpectedly, no positive correlation was observed between CD147 and its possible regulators, suggesting that another signaling pathway was involved in the downregulation of CD147. This is the first study to show the downregulation of CD147 by Ad-REIC in prostate cancer cells. At least some of the therapeutic effects of Ad-REIC may be due to the downregulation of the cancer-progression factor, CD147
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