Cervical amoebiasis mimicking cervical carcinoma: A rare presentation of a common infection

SummaryCervical amoebiasis is an extremely rare diagnosis with only a small number of published case reports. This disease may present as cervical growth mimicking cervical carcinoma. Owing to the similarity of the clinical presentation of bleeding per vagina and per speculum examination showing growth or ulcers, definitive diagnosis is made on microscopic examination only. We present a rare case of cervical amoebiasis in a 28-year-old, multiparous female who presented with a history of vaginal bleeding. The patient was treated with metronidazole and diloxanide furate, after which she recovered. Awareness of this rare entity is important for clinical suspicion and for the pathologist to identify trophozoites and make a diagnosis, preventing unwarranted investigations. Accurate diagnosis also facilitates quick management of a patient; as this disease is an infective pathology that can easily be treated by antibiotics

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the fallopian tube masquerading inflammatory mass

Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of fallopian tube is exceedingly rare. Till date less than 10 cases have been reported to the best of our knowledge [2-10]. Serous adenocarcinoma is the most common primary malignancy arising from the fallopian tube. Primary SCC of fallopian tube is diagnosed after excluding invasion from the rest of the genital tract and metastasis. We are reporting this rare carcinoma in a 62- year -old female who was taken for laparotomy with pre-operative diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess

Cavernous hemangioma of the parotid gland

Cavernous hemangioma (CH), or cavernoma, is a type of benign tumor occurring mostly in the brain, liver, skin, and retina.1,2 Although less commonly, CH can also occur in the spine, orbit, gastrointestinal tract, skeletal muscle, and long bones.1 CH comprises a cluster of abnormally dilated blood vessels that form a mass or lesion.2,3CH is more commonly found in women than men and typically occur between the ages of 40 and 60. Their precise incidence needs to be well-established; however, they account for 2-4% of all parotid gland tumors.2 Still, they are considered one of the less parotid gland common types of tumors.2,3 Most parotid gland tumors are benign, with only about 20% malignant.1,2CH is typically diagnosed by imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans. The location, size, symptoms, and general health of the patient are among the variables that affect how cavernous hemangiomas are treated. Treatment options in symptomatic cases with functional impairment and high risk of bleeding, include medical (steroid or interferon), embolization, surgery, or radiosurgery.2,4Parotid gland tumors can be either benign or malignant. CH of the parotid gland is a relatively rare but well-documented entity in the medical literature. There is currently not enough knowledge on the prevalence of CH in the parotid gland; there were roughly 50 cases reported worldwide, most of which were individual case reports. Overall, the literature suggests that cavernous hemangioma of the parotid gland is a rare benign entity more common in females and typically presents as a painless mass in the parotid gland area. Surgical removal is the primary treatment, and this entity has a good prognosis and a low recurrence risk.1-4 CH of the parotid gland can present with various symptoms, including a painless mass or swelling in the area of the gland, facial nerve weakness or paralysis, and even hearing loss in some cases. The diagnosis of a CH is usually based on imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, which can show a well-defined, sharply demarcated mass with areas of low and high intensity.2-4A hemangioma's histopathological appearance can help determine the appropriate management and treatment options. Capillary hemangiomas may be treated with topical or oral medications, while surgical removal may be necessary for cavernous hemangiomas, depending on their size and location.2,3Treatment options for parotid gland cavernous hemangiomas depend on the lesion’s size and location, the patient's symptoms and overall health status. In some cases, surgical removal of the tumor may be necessary, which can be challenging due to the proximity of the facial nerve and the risk of its injury. In other cases, observation or radiation therapy may be recommended.3-5Cavernous hemangioma is a type of vascular malformation, but other types of vascular malformations can present with similar symptoms or imaging findings. The differential diagnosis of vascular malformation with cavernous hemangioma includes (i) Venous malformation: a type of vascular malformation that affects veins, and it can look similar to cavernous hemangioma on imaging studies. However, venous malformations typically have a more uniform appearance, while cavernous hemangiomas have a characteristic “popcorn” appearance due to multiple blood-filled spaces; (ii) Capillary malformation: a type of vascular malformation that affects small blood vessels called capillaries. Capillary malformations can present as flat, red, or pink marks on the skin and can sometimes be mistaken for cavernous hemangioma; (iii) arteriovenous malformation: a type of vascular malformation that involves abnormal connections between arteries and veins. Arteriovenous malformations can cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and neurological deficits and can be mistaken for cavernous hemangioma on imaging studies; (iv) Lymphatic malformation: a type of vascular malformation that affects the lymphatic vessels and can cause swelling or abnormal growths. Lymphatic malformations can sometimes be mistaken for cavernous hemangioma in imaging studies.4,5Figure 1 refers to a 42-year-old female patient with a painless, slowly growing mass in the right parotid region. The mass had been present for the past 6 months and has gradually increased. The patient reported no other significant symptoms, such as facial weakness or pain. The physical examination revealed a soft, non-tender mass in the right parotid region that measured approximately 6 cm. The overlying skin was normal, and there were no palpable lymph nodes in the neck. The ultrasound examination showed a well-circumscribed, hypoechoic lesion within the superficial lobe of the parotid gland, measuring 5.2 cm. The lesion had a cystic appearance with internal septations, consistent with a vascular lesion. The patient underwent an MRI, which confirmed the presence of a well-defined, lobulated mass in the superficial lobe of the right parotid gland, measuring 5.5 cm. The lesion was hyperintense on T2-weighted images and demonstrated heterogeneous enhancement with gadolinium. The imaging findings were consistent with a diagnosis of vascular malformation of the parotid gland. The patient was referred to a head and neck surgeon for further evaluation and treatment. Due to the lesion’s size and location, surgical resection was recommended. The patient underwent a superficial parotidectomy, and the postoperative course was uneventful. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen confirmed the diagnosis of CH (Figure 1A-1D). The patient was followed up for several months after the surgery, and there was no evidence of recurrence or complications.Figure 1A - gross image showing normal salivary gland tissue along with a well-encapsulated tumor with areas of hemorrhage and comprising of numerous cystic spaces (vascular channels) scale bar = 2,5 cm; B - microscopic examination at low magnification showing normal salivary gland parenchyma along with a capsulated tumor comprised of many dilated vascular channels (H&E 100X); C - higher magnification image showing thick and thin walls vascular spaces in between fibro-muscular stroma (H&E, 400X); D - immunohistochemical reaction for smooth muscle actin (SMA) demonstrating smooth muscle bundles and vessel walls (SMA, 400X).

AN OVERVIEW OF FOURIER TRANSFORM ON IMAGE PROCESSING

The recognition of an images are important in the digital image processing. In this paper we introduce the definition of Fourier Transform and it's properties through which the solution of the problem will be easier than expected and also describe that what is the roll of Fourier transform in image recognition

Sezary syndrome in a young retropositive male: A rare case report

Sezary syndrome, a rare disease, is the leukemic counterpart of mycosis fungoides accounting for less than 5% of cutaneous lymphomas.Very few case reports have been published of Sezary syndrome/mycosis fungoides presenting in young male and with coexisting HIV.We present a case of a 23-year-old retropositive male presenting with Sezary syndrome which is very rare. The present case highlightsthe fact that Sezary syndrome can rarely present in young and retropositive patients. It should be kept in differential diagnosis if apatient presents with erythroderma, generalized lymphadenopathy and characteristic peripheral smear findings. A multimodal approachinvolving flow cytometry, skin biopsy and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is required for arriving at a definite diagnosis

Exact and Heuristic Methods for the Weapon Target Assignment Problem

The Weapon Target Assignment (WTA) problem is a fundamental problem arising in defense-related applications of operations research. This problem consists of optimally assigning n weapons to m targets so that the total expected survival value of the targets after all the engagements is minimum. The WTA problem can be formulated as a nonlinear integer programming problem and is known to be NP-complete. There do not exist any exact methods for the WTA problem which can solve even small size problems (for example, with 20 weapons and 20 targets). Though several heuristic methods have been proposed to solve the WTA problem, due to the absence of exact methods, no estimates are available on the quality of solutions produced by such heuristics. In this paper, we suggest linear programming, integer programming, and network flow based lower bounding methods using which we obtain several branch and bound algorithms for the WTA problem. We also propose a network flow based construction heuristic and a very large-scale neighborhood (VLSN) search algorithm. We present computational results of our algorithms which indicate that we can solve moderately large size instances (up to 80 weapons and 80 targets) of the WTA problem optimally and obtain almost optimal solutions of fairly large instances (up to 200 weapons and 200 targets) within a few second

Giant virilising adrenal cortical carcinoma

Androgen secreting adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a very rare disease with a poor prognosis. Approximately 80% of tumors are functional, most commonly secreting glucocorticoids. We herewith report a case of a huge functional ACC of the right adrenal gland in a 33-year-old female who presented with complaints of hirsutism, amenorrhea and an abdominal lump. On abdominal examination a large lump was palpable in the right hypochondrium reaching up to the umbilicus. Contrast-enhance computed tomography (CECT) revealed a mass in the right suprarenal region. The tumor measured 29 cm × 20 cm × 12 cm and weighed 7.8 kg, the largest reported case of ACC in the world to the best of our knowledge

Amyloidoza plamkowata jako powikłanie makrogruczolaka prolaktynowego przysadki — nowy związek kliniczny

  Amyloid deposition in the pituitary gland is a rare localised form of amyloidosis, and most commonly reported with prolactinoma. Macular amyloidosis is a rare form of localised cutaneous amyloidosis of obscure aetiology. In contrast to most localised amyloidosis, the precursor protein(s) of both macular amyloidosis and prolactinoma are unknown. A 35-year-old man with chronic headache (six years), blurring of vision (three years), and hyperpigmented macular lesion involving arms, legs, and back (two years) was diagnosed to have hyperprolactinaemia (8927 ng/mL) and secondary adrenal insufficiency. MRI revealed pituitary macroadenoma compressing the optic chiasma, encasing the right carotid artery and extending into the sphenoid sinus. A biopsy of skin from the right upper arm revealed thickened stratum corneum, acanthosis, and deposition of pale eosinophilic material in papillary dermis that gave a rose pink colour under methyl-violet and appeared congophilic with Congo red stain, which under polarised light showed green birefringence, diagnostic of macular amyloidosis. Headache, bitemporal haemianopia, and skin lesion improved following cabergoline therapy. Temporal profile of the disease characterised by symptoms of macroprolactinoma preceding onset of macular amyloidosis with resolution of symptoms of macroprolactinoma, accompanied by reductions in prolactin, and concomitant improvement in macular amyloidosis with cabergoline therapy may suggest some link between macroprolactinoma and macular amyloidosis. This report intends to highlight this novel association of macular amyloidosis and macroprolactinoma. (Endokrynol Pol 2015; 66 (6): 555–558)    Złogi amyloidu w przysadce to rzadka forma lokalizacji amyloidozy. Najczęściej występuje razem z gruczolakiem prolaktynowym przysadki. Amyloidoza plamkowata to rzadka forma skupionej amyloidozy skórnej o niewyjaśnionej etiologii. Przeciwnie do większości amyloidoz występujących w jednym miejscu, białko prekursora zarówno amyloidozy plamkowatej, jak i gruczolaka prolaktynowego pozostają nieznane. U 35-letniego mężczyzny cierpiącego na przewlekły ból głowy (od 6 lat), nieostre widzenie (od 3 lat) oraz plamkowe zmiany pigmentacyjne na rękach, nogach i plecach (od 2 lat) zdiagnozowano hiperprolaktynemię (8927 ng/ml) i wtórną niedoczynność kory nadnerczy. Badanie rezonansem magnetycznym ujawniło makrogruczolaka przysadki mózgowej, uciskającego skrzyżowanie wzrokowe, prawą tętnicę szyjną i ekspansją/rozrostem do zatoki klinowej. Biopsja skóry z górnej części prawego ramienia wykazała pogrubienie warstwy rogowej naskórka, akantozę, złogi bladego materiału kwasochłonnego w warstwie brodawkowatej skóry właściwej, które barwiły na różowo przy zetknięciu z fioletem metylowym i wydawały się podatne na barwienie czerwienią kongo, które w świetle spolaryzowanym ujawniało zieloną dwójłomność, wskazując na występowanie amyloidozy plamkowatej. Ból głowy, niedowidzenie połowicze dwuskroniowe, a także zmiany skórne uległy poprawie po zastosowaniu leczenia kabergoliną. Czas wystąpienia choroby, charakteryzującej się objawami makrogruczolaka prolaktynowego przysadki, poprzedzającymi rozpoczęcie amyloidozy plamkowatej wraz ze złagodzeniem objawów makroprolaktynomy oraz redukcją stężenia prolaktyny, a także jednoczesnej poprawie amyloidozy plamkowatej przy terapii kabergoliną może sugerować, że istnieje związek między makrogruczolakiem prolaktynowym i amyloidozą plamkowatą. Niniejszy raport ma na celu naświetlenie nowego związku między amyloidazą plamkowatą i makrogruczolakiem prolaktynowym przysadki. (Endokrynol Pol 2015; 66 (6): 555–558)

Yolk sac tumor, a rare and challenging ovarian malignancy: case report

Yolk sac tumors (YST) are rare and rapidly developing neoplasm presenting in young females. They are second most common germ cell tumor after dysgerminomas. Fertility preservation is an important concern in treatment of patients of YST. We present a case of 22 years nulliparous female with rapidly evolving abdominal mass. The patient underwent fertility preserving surgery with four cycles of post operative bleomycin etoposide and paclitaxel (BEP) chemotherapy and is fairly doing well. BEP chemotherapy has successfully improved the treatment outcomes of YST patients