Teneurs de métaux traces dans des sols à maraîchers dans la ville d’Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

L’objectif principal de cette étude est l’évaluation de l’état de contamination en métaux traces de sols cultivés dans la ville d’Abidjan. Pour ce faire, des sols ont été prélevés dans des fosses pédologiques sur les sites maraîchers de Marcory et Cocody et sur la ferme expérimentale de l’Université d’Abobo-Adjamé. L’analyse des échantillons a révélé que sur les 3 sites, la quasi-totalité des horizons sont sableux, acides, riches en Mn et Fe. Les teneurs en Cd à Marcory et à Cocody, la teneur en Cu à Marcory, les teneurs en Pb à Cocody et sur la parcelle expérimentale, les teneurs en Zn sur les 3 sites, et les teneurs en Ni à Marcory et à Cocody, sont supérieures aux teneurs limites recommandées. L’acidité et la forte macroporosité des sols ont favorisé lamigration verticale des métaux traces.Mots clés: métaux traces, sols à maraîchers, Abidjan, migratio

Immunovirological response to combined antiretroviral therapy and drug resistance patterns in children: 1- and 2-year outcomes in rural Uganda

Children living with HIV continue to be in urgent need of combined antiretroviral therapy (ART). Strategies to scale up and improve pediatric HIV care in resource-poor regions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, require further research from these settings. We describe treatment outcomes in children treated in rural Uganda after 1 and 2 years of ART start

Molecular and functional characterization of cDNAs putatively encoding carboxylesterases from the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria

Citation: Zhang J, Li D, Ge P, Guo Y, Zhu KY, et al. (2014) Molecular and Functional Characterization of cDNAs Putatively Encoding Carboxylesterases from the Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria. PLoS ONE 9(4): e94809. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094809Carboxylesterases (CarEs) belong to a superfamily of metabolic enzymes encoded by a number of genes and are widely distributed in microbes, plants and animals including insects. These enzymes play important roles in detoxification of insecticides and other xenobiotics, degradation of pheromones, regulation of neurodevelopment, and control of animal development. In this study, we characterized a total of 39 full-length cDNAs putatively encoding different CarEs from the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, one of the most severe insect pests in many regions of the world, and evaluated the role of four CarE genes in insecticide detoxification. Our phylogenetic analysis grouped the 39 CarEs into five different clades including 20 CarEs in clade A, 3 in D, 13 in E, 1 in F and 2 in I. Four CarE genes (LmCesA3, LmCesA20, LmCesD1, LmCesE1), representing three different clades (A, D and E), were selected for further analyses. The transcripts of the four genes were detectable in all the developmental stages and tissues examined. LmCesA3 and LmCesE1 were mainly expressed in the fat bodies and Malpighian tubules, whereas LmCesA20 and LmCesD1 were predominately expressed in the muscles and hemolymph, respectively. The injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) synthesized from each of the four CarE genes followed by the bioassay with each of four insecticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion, carbaryl and deltamethrin) increased the nymphal mortalities by 37.2 and 28.4% in response to malathion after LmCesA20 and LmCesE1 were silenced, respectively. Thus, we proposed that both LmCesA20 and LmCesE1 played an important role in detoxification of malathion in the locust. These results are expected to help researchers reveal the characteristics of diverse CarEs and assess the risk of insecticide resistance conferred by CarEs in the locust and other insect species