Morphological and physiological responses and some WRKY genes expression in cherry rootstocks under salt stress

Aim of study:  To determine morphological, physiological and molecular responses of cherry rootstocks under salt stress condition.Area of study: Konya, Turkey.Material and methods: A pot trial was conducted to assess moderate salt stress (35 mM NaCl) effects on cherry rootstocks (CAB-6P, MaxMa 14 and Mazzard). We have evaluated many morphological and physiological parameters and analyzed WRKY genes (WRKY25, WRKY33 and WRKY38) under salinity conditions.Main results: All rootstocks survived with slight leaf burn under salinity conditions and the plant growth and physiological parameters, except membrane permeability, decreased in all rootstocks. The membrane permeability increased with salinity and the lowest increment in the membrane permeability (12.17%) was in MaxMa 14, while CAB-6P and Mazzard showed higher levels of increases reaching 46.81 and 56.42%, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of WRKY25, WRKY33 and WRKY38 genes was significantly increased by salinity. The rankings of the WRKY genes expression levels among control rootstocks were: MaxMa 14 < CAB-6P < Mazzard.Research highlights: CAB-6P, MaxMa 14 and Mazzard rootstocks were found relative salt-tolerant at the moderate salinity levels and there is a cross-talk between physiological and molecular responses. Mazzard had higher tolerance to salinity shown in molecular responses. The study possesses importance for plant physiologists and cherry growers as it showed how cherry rootstocks respond to salt stress

The environmental factors and some pre-treatments affecting on seed germination and plant growth

Bitki yetiştiriciliğinde ilk aşama tohum ekimi ve çimlendirilmesidir. Bu işlemden sonra tohum çimlenmesinin başlaması ve devam etmesi farklı bitki tür ve çeşitlerin tohumlarının niteliği ve özel isteğine göre değişmekle birlikte önemli çevresel faktörlerin (su, sıcaklık, oksijen ve ışık) istenen seviyede ortamda bulunmasına bağlıdır. Bunun yanı sıra, tohum ekiminden sonra çeşitli teknik hatalar ve tohumun iç ve dış yapısından kaynaklanan çeşitli faktörler nedeniyle çimlenme ve fide çıkışında gecikme veya çimlenmenin oluşmaması gibi olumsuzluklar ile karşı karşıya kalınmaktadır. Bu çalışmada tür ve çeşitlere göre değişmekle birlikte tohumların çimlendirilmesi için uygun ortam oluşturmak veya kontrollü şartlarda tohum çimlenmesini ve buna bağlı olarak dolaylı şekilde bitki büyümesini olumlu yönde etkileyen çeşitli uygulamalar (osmo ve hidro priming, düşük ve yüksek sıcaklık uygulamaları, çeşitli bitki büyümesinde etkili hormon uygulamaları, su ile ıslatma ve kurutma uygulamaları, bazı kimyasala maddeler ile uygulama, sıvı ekim uygulaması, bu uygulamaların kombinasyonları ve diğer bazı özel uygulamalar gibi) ve konuda yapılmış araştırmalarda kullanılan özel teknikler ve elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra çeşitli canlılar üzerinde olumsuz etkisi bilinen bazı maddelerin (sigara dumanı, fenol, naftanol gibi) tohum çimlenmesi ve bitki gelişimi üzerine etkileri de ele alınmıştır.The first stage for plant growing is seed sowing and germination. After this process, commence and permanency of seed germination depends on existence on a desirable level of the significant environmental factors (water, temperature, oxygen and light), which change to seed characteristics and special requirement of different plant species and cultivars. Besides, the problems such as retarded germination and seedling formation or no germination occur due to various technical mistakes after seed sowing and some factors resulted from inside and outside structure of seeds. In present review; forming suitably special environments for seed germination of each species/cultivars or various pretreatment affecting desirably to plant growth connected with seed germination (osmopriming, hydropriming, low and high heat treatment, plant growth promoting hormones, gradually wetting and drying, chemical substance treatments, liquid sowing, the combination of all treatments above and some another special treatments etc.) and the special techniques used in related studies and the results obtained were evaluated. Furthermore, the effects on seed germination and plant development of substances with undesirable effects (cigarette smoke, phenol, naphtanol etc.) on some living creatures were also evaluated

EFFECT OF DN1 BACTERIAL STRAIN APPLIED BY DIFFERENT METHODS ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAWBERRY CV. SAN ANDREAS (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.)

There have been quite intensive studies on the use of Plant Growth-PromotingRhizobacteria (PGPR) in agriculture. Acidovorax facilis strain DN1 is one of thePGPR commonly used. The effect of DN1 bacterial strain on some morphologicalcharacteristics of strawberry cv. San Andreas was investigated. The DN1 bacterialstrain was applied via soil, leaf, and soil + leaf, for 3 months (once a month) tostrawberry plants. The DN1 spores were prepared with 0.2% boron, 10% cornstarch and distilled water. The bacterial solution was applied to plants at thefollowing day with a hand pump (to leaves; 50 cc) and graduated cylinder (250 cceach 5-liter pot). After 3 treatments, plants removed from pots and data collected.According to the results, DN1 bacterial strain often had a positive effect on themorphological and fruit characteristics. Spraying treatment was the most effectiveway for the stem and root traits we evaluated (crown diameter: 36.87 mm; stemfresh weight: 63.64 g; leaf number: 38.69; root fresh weight: 34.89 g). In addition,soil + leaf treatment had a positive effect on mean fruit weight (23.57 g) and fruitdiameter (27.64 mm). The effect on other properties was also positive, but the rootlength (26.34 cm) was reduced in leaf treatment compared to the control (29.69cm). It is expected that the most effective treatment is the combined (leaf + soil)treatment, while the leaf treatment may be the most effective method on soils withboron toxicity

Influence of bacterial inoculation on growth and plant nutrition of peach grafted in different rootstocks in calcareous soil

The highly calcareous soil limits plant growth parameters due to inadequate uptake of plant nutrients. Calcareous soil conditions affect plant growth through impaired chlorophyll synthesis, root growth, enzyme synthesis, and nutrient uptake. To overcome the negative effect of calcareous soil, six bacterial strains namely Alcaligenes 637Ca, Agrobacterium A18, Staphylococcus MFDCa1, Staphylococcus MFDCa2, Bacillus M3, and Pantoea FF1 were inoculated in one-year-old plants of peach cultivar ‘Elegant Lady’ grafted onto GF677 and Nemaguard rootstocks. The bacterial treatments were observed to improve plant growth and nutrient content compared to the control. Moreover, the GF677 rootstock was observed to be more tolerant to high calcareous soil conditions than Nemaguard, showing better plant growth and nutrient content. At the Nemaguard rootstocks, the largest leaf area was observed to be upon inoculation with MFDCa2 (29.1 cm2), FF1 (28.8 cm2), and M3 (28.1 cm2), whereas at the GF677 rootstock, the highest leaf area was observed upon inoculation with MFDCa1 (34.7 cm2), FF1 (32.6 cm2), and 637Ca (31.5 cm2). The leaf iron content was higher in bacterial treatments than the control. In the Nemaguard rootstock, the highest iron content was measured in plants inoculated with 637Ca (133.49 mg kg–1) and M3 (127.64 mg kg–1), whereas in the GF677 rootstock, the treatments MFDCa1 (131.51 mg kg–1), 637Ca (131.21 mg kg–1), FF1 (127.72 mg kg–1), and M3 (127.68 mg kg–1) resulted in high iron content. The results indicate that bacterial inoculations have a significant potential to improve plant growth and can be used as biofertilizers for peach grafted onto Nemaguard and GF677 in high calcareous soil conditions

The Effects of PGPR Treatments on Plant Growth of Deveci Pear Cultivar in Calcareous Soil Condition

Bu çalışma 2012-2015 yılları arasında Selçuk üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü araştırma veuygulama arazisinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada 6 farklı bakteri ırkının (Alcaligenes 637Ca, Agrobacterium A18,Staphylococcus MFDCa1, MFDCa2, Bacillus M3 ve Pantoea FF1) OHF333 ve BA 29 anacı üzerine aşılı Deveci armutçeşidinde bitki gelişimi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bakteri ırklarının yaprak alanı üzerine etkisi incelendiğinde en genişyaprak alanı OHF333 anacı üzerinde 16.1cm2 ile FF1 bakteri ırkından elde edilirken, BA 29 anacı üzerinde ise 15.8cm2637Ca bakteri ırkından elde edilmiştir. Bakterilerin anaç çapı üzerine etkisi ele alındığında en iyi sonuçlar OHF333anacında MFDCa1 bakteri ırkından (30.1mm), BA29 anacında ise 637Ca ve A18 bakteri ırklarından (28.3mm ve28.1mm) elde edilmiştir. Bakteri uygulamalarının sürgün uzunluğuna etkisi her iki anaçta da oldukça farklılık yaratmışolup OHF333 anacında en iyi sonuç 6.68cm ve 5.95cm ile MFDCa1 ile 637Ca olurken, BA29 anacında ise 637Ca(26.7cm) en iyi sonuca sahip olmuştur. Yapraklardaki klorofil miktarı bakımından OHF333 anacında en yüksek değerMFDCa2 bakteri ırkında (48.8 SPAD değeri) ölçülürken, BA29 anacında ise MFDCa2 (45.7 SPAD değeri) ile M3 (43.7SPAD değeri) bakteri ırklarından ölçülmüştür.This study was conducted in Research field of University of Selçuk, Faculty of Agriculture and HorticultureDepartment in 2012-2015 years. The effect of six bacteria strain (Alcaligenes 637Ca, Agrobacterium A18,Staphylococcus MFDCa1, MFDCa2, Bacillus M3 and Pantoea FF1) were investigated on plant growth of “Deveci”cultivar grafted on OHF333 and BA29 rootstocks. The FF1 bacteria strain increased leaf area 16.1cm2 on OHF333rootstock while leaf area was increased 15.8 cm2 by 637Caon BA29 rootstock. The rootstock diameter was increased byMFDCa1 strain with 30.1mm on OHF333 while 637Ca and A18 increased rootstock diameter on BA29 28.3mm and28.1mm respectively. Lateral branch length was found 6.68 cm and 5.95 cm with MFDCa1 and 637Ca on OHF333. InBA29 rootstock, 637Ca increased lateral branch length at 26.7cm. The chlorophyll content was measured 48.8 SPADUnits by MFDCa2 strain on OHF333 while MFDCa2 and M3 had the good result in BA29 45.7 and 43.7 SPAD Unitsrespectively