The use of micro filter recovered palm oil mill effluent (pome) sludge as fish feed ingredient [LC5800-5808].

This study examined the possible utilization of the retained lipid, protein, and carbohydrate from the palm oil mill effluent microfiltered using membrane pore size 0.45μm as fish feed ingredient for culture of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Combatant recruitment and the outcome of war

Why do some civil wars terminate soon, with victory of one party over theother? What determines if the winner is the incumbent or the rebel group?Why do other conflicts last longer? We propose a simple model in whichthe power of each armed group depends on the number of combatants itis able to recruit. This is in turn a function of the relative 'distance' between group leaderships and potential recruits. We emphasize the moralhazard problem of recruitment: fighting is costly and risky so combatantshave the incentive to defect from their task. They can also desert alto-gether and join the enemy. This incentive is stronger the farther away thefighter is from the principal, since monitoring becomes increasingly costly.Bigger armies have more power but less monitoring capacity to preventdefection and desertion. This general framework allows a variety of interpretations of what type of proximity matters for building strong cohesivearmies ranging from ethnic distance to geographic dispersion. Di¤erentassumptions about the distribution of potential fighters along the relevantdimension of conflict lead to di¤erent equilibria. We characterize these,discuss the implied outcome in terms of who wins the war, and illustratewith historical and contemporaneous case studies.

Tathwir Manahij Al-Darama fi Baramij Ta’lim Al-Lughah Al-Arabiya li An-Nathiqiin bi Ghairiha

That the planning of the language curriculum in educational programs is very accurate, where the language curriculum focuses on identifying the knowledge and values learned by the learner, in order to achieve the educational outputs aimed at by the designers of the curriculum, and in view of the Arabic language curricula provided to non-Arabic students we find it suffers from a huge lack of development, and is based on the traditional objectives that cause boredom and aversion to the Arabic language, and now we have modern methods based on appropriate perceptions of the nature of the era and the nature of the learners.  Themselves and there is no doubt that drama and its treatment in the linguistic curriculum is attractive for learners, and how to employ drama in Arabic language programs is one of the new forms in the introduction of the language curriculum, the curriculum on how to plan for teaching and learning and measuring educational systems and evaluating them. This study will address the design of dramatic courses, curriculum development, analysis of the needs of students in universities or schools and contextual factors that are seen when planning the language program A large number of students sit in classrooms to master a language, and they make a great effort, and many curriculum designers and teachers spend a lot of time preparing a course, teaching the language in the classroom. In light of this, there are educational principles on which the process of preparing a curriculum, and values that reflect these elements in education, review these processes in cash and study, and the development of the language curriculum needs some processes to develop it, lies in the procedures used in determining the content of the language program, the needs of learners and updating them, contextual factors when stitching a language program, knowledge of general and private objectives, teaching and development and measuring the effectiveness of the language program.أن  تخطيط  المناهج اللغوبة  فى  البرامج  التعليمية  يعد  أمر  دقيق  للغاية  ، حيث تركز المناهج  اللغوية  على  تحديد  المعارف  والقيم  التى  يتعلمها  الدارس  ،من  أجل  تحقيق  النواتج  التعليمية  التى يهدف  إليها  من  قبل المصممين للمناهج  ،وبالنظر  إلى  مناهج اللغة العربية  المقدمة إلى  االطلاب  الناطقين  بغير  العربية نجدها  تعانى  من  نقص  هائل  فى  التطوير  ،وتستند  إلى  الاهداف  التقليدية  التى تسبب  الملل  والنفور  من  اللغة  العربية ،وأصبخ  الآن  من  الضرورى أن  نصمم مناهج  مبنية  على تصورات  عصرية  ملائمة  لطبيعة  العصر وطبيعة  الدارسين  أنفسهم  ولا  شك  أن  الدراما  ومعالجتها فى  المناهج  التعليمية اللغوية أمر جذاب بالنسبة  للدارسين  ،وكيفية  توظيف  الدراما  فى  برامج  اللغة  العربية  يعد من  الأشكال الجديدة  فى  طرح  المناهج اللغوية فالمنهج على كيفية التخطيط للتعليم والتعلم وقياس الأنظمة التعليمية وتقويمها. وهذه الدراسة سوف تتناول  تصميم المقررات الدرامية وتطوير المناهج، وتحليل حاجات الدارسين في الجامعات  أو المدارس والعوامل السياقية التي ينظر إليها عند تخطيط البرنامج اللغوي والمتعلقة بالمجتمع والمؤسسة التعليمية، وأهدافه وأنواعه، وتطويره،  والقضايا التي تختار في تصميم المواد التدريسية وقياس فعالية البرنامج اللغوي المعد عبر تخطيط الغايات ونواتج التعلم. وكذلك  تتناول تصميم المقررات وتخطيط الدورات، وأهمية المواد التدريسية وتصميميها، ثم أخيرا أنواع التقويم المستخدمة،  ستتناول  هذه  الورقة  البحثية  بالوصف والتحليل  الإجراءات التي تستخدم لتحديد محتوى برنامج دراسي لغوي مبنى  على  الدراما، وبيان حاجات الدارسين وتحديدها، ثم العوامل السياقية المتبعة عند تخطيط منهج لغوي، والأهداف العامة والخاصة في التدريب وكيف يمكن تطويرها، والعوامل التي يتضمنها اختيار المواد الدراسية وتكيفها وتصميمها، وأخيرا كيفية قياس فعالية البرنامج اللغوي وذلك  من  خلال رؤية  شاملة   حيث  أشتملت  الورقة البحثة  على  مقدمة  تهئ للتطوير المناهج  اللغوية  ومفهوم  الدراما  التعليمية  ،ثم  يبدأ  الفصل الأول بمفهوم  المنهج  الدرامى  والدراما  التعليمية ،وأصول ومبادئ  تطوير  المنهج اللغوى   وكيفية  تصميم  المنهج  اللغوى  ،ثم  يبدا الفصل  الثانى  بتصور  مقترح  عن  المنهج  الدرامى  للغة  العربية  للناطقين  بغيرها  ، مدخلاته  ومخرجاته  ،وكيفية  إعداد  المنهج  المعتمد  على  نصوص  دراما  ومدعمة  بمرئيات  تساعد  الطلاب على  تنمية مهارات  اللغة  الأربعة ( الاستماع – التحدث -  القراءة  -  الكتابة.

The Use of Advanced Soft Computing for Machinery Condition Monitoring

The demand for cost effective, reliable and safe machinery operation requires accurate fault detection and classification. These issues are of paramount importance as potential failures of rotating and reciprocating machinery can be managed properly and avoided in some cases. Various methods have been applied to tackle these issues, but the accuracy of those methods is variable and leaves scope for improvement. This research proposes appropriate methods for fault detection and diagnosis. The main consideration of this study is use Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related mathematics approaches to build a condition monitoring (CM) system that has incremental learning capabilities to select effective diagnostic features for the fault diagnosis of a reciprocating compressor (RC). The investigation involved a series of experiments conducted on a two-stage RC at baseline condition and then with faults introduced into the intercooler, drive belt and 2nd stage discharge and suction valve respectively. In addition to this, three combined faults: discharge valve leakage combined with intercooler leakage, suction valve leakage combined with intercooler leakage and discharge valve leakage combined with suction valve leakage were created and simulated to test the model. The vibration data was collected from the experimental RC and processed through pre-processing stage, features extraction, features selection before the developed diagnosis and classification model were built. A large number of potential features are calculated from the time domain, the frequency domain and the envelope spectrum. Applying Neural Networks (NNs), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Relevance Vector Machines (RVMs) which integrate with Genetic Algorithms (GAs), and principle components analysis (PCA) which cooperates with principle components optimisation, to these features, has found that the features from envelope analysis have the most potential for differentiating various common faults in RCs. The practical results for fault detection, diagnosis and classification show that the proposed methods perform very well and accurately and can be used as effective tools for diagnosing reciprocating machinery failure

What Determines Innovation in the Manufacturing Sector? Evidence from Pakistan.

This study analysed the behaviour of a sample of manufacturing firms in Pakistan in order to understand what determines innovative activity employing a panel data set for the years 2002 and 2006-07. Probit estimation results reveal that size of the firm and human resource quality are important internal factors that increase the likelihood of a firm innovating. Interestingly, whether a firm is exporting or not has no bearing. However, post innovating there is a large increase in number of firms who export. Externally, presence in a geographic cluster is important though further analysis reveals that the impact varies according to firm size. Size per se does not increase likelihood of innovating for medium sized firm who only have an advantage over small sized firms when present in a cluster. Large firms on the other hand continue to have an advantage and the advantage further increases with presence in a cluster. Finally, analysis by product and process innovators reveals that the characteristics of firms undertaking the two types of innovative activity are similar. The only noteworthy difference being that process innovation does not benefit from presence of a firm in a cluster which might be attributable to the more visible nature of product innovation which benefits from technological spillovers that are a characteristic of presence in a cluster. JEL classifications: O14, O31, O33, L6 Keywords: Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentive, Developing Countries, Industry Stud

Free Convection Fluid Flow In the Presence of A Magnetic Field with Thermally Stratified High Porosity Medium

AbstractMHD free convection over an inclined plate in a thermally stratified high porous medium in the presence of a magnetic field has been studied. The dimensionless momentum and temperature equations have been solved numerically by explicit finite difference technique with the help of a computer programming language Compaq Visual Fortran 6.6a. The obtained results of these studies have been discussed for the different values of well known parameters with different time steps. Also, the stability conditions and convergence criteria of the explicit finite difference scheme has been analyzed for finding the restriction of the values of various parameters to get more accuracy. The effects of various governing parameters on the fluid velocity, temperature, local and average shear stress and Nusselt number has been investigated and presented graphically

Distinguishing between factual information and insulting or abusive messages bearing words or phrases in news articles

This thesis report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering, 2006.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis report.Includes bibliographical references (page 75).Since Internet has become the leading source of information for the users, flames or abusive messages have also become the prominent factors of time wasting for retrieving information. Moreover, a text can contain factual information as well as abusive or insulting contents. This paper describes a new approach for an automated system to distinguish between information and personal attack containing insulting or abusive messages in a given document. In NLP, flames or abusive messages are considered as extreme subjective language, which refers to detect personal opinions or emotions in a news article. Insulting or abusive messages are viewed as extreme subset of the subjective language because of its extreme nature. We defined some rules to extract the semantic information of a given sentence from the general semantic structure of that sentence.Altaf MahmudKazi Zubair AhmedB. Computer Science and Engineerin

Microscopic, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Stem bark of Aubrevillea kerstingii (Harms) Pellegr. (Mimosaceae)

Microscopic, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation gives detailed valuable information that is useful in determination of the identity, quality and purity of medicinal plants, crude drugs and herbal products. The research was carried out in order to determine the microscopic, physicochemical and phytochemical parameters of stem bark extract of Aubrevillea kerstingii. The macroscopic, microscopic, chemo-microscopic and physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical screening parameters were determined according to standard methods.The microscopic features revealed the presence of thin walled, radially arranged cork cells, well developed cortex, bundles of sclerenchymatous cells and numerous prismatic calcium oxalate crystals The chemo-microscopy of the powdered stem bark revealed the presence of some cell wall materials and cell inclusions. Physicochemical parameters determined in this study showed moisture content to be 8.2 ± 0.07, total ash value 9.23 ± 0.56, acid insoluble ash 1.49 ± 0.12, water soluble ash 5.52 ± 0.10, alcohol extractive value 26.50 ± 0.61 and water extractive value 33.4 ± 0.36. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and carbohydrate. The parameters of stem bark of Aubrevillea kerstingii determined in this study will help in establishing the quality and purity of the plant. Keywords: Aubrevillea kerstingii, Fabaceae, Physicochemical, Phytochemica