The Relationship between Free Cash Flows and Agency Costs Levels: Evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange

The objective of this study is to examine this matter that how those firms in Iran which own a significant amountof free cash flow prevent the occurrence of its related agency problems and test the effect of dividend andleverage on free cash flow.Furthermore, there will be an examination of the difference in agency costs between companies that have andcompanies that do not have a low growth opportunity. In order to test the related hypotheses, profit, growth,leverage, size, and free cash flow were employed to measure the level of agency costs of the firms, whereasleverage and dividend were used as indices for financial policies to direct free cash flow problems. Following theusage of regression analysis and data collection of the firms in Iran over the period 2006-2010, the acquiredresults showed a positive insignificant effect of dividend on free cash flow, but they implied a positivesignificant effect of leverage on free cash flow. Regression results also indicated a positive insignificant effect offree cash flow on dividend, negative significant effect of growth on dividend and negative insignificant effect ofleverage on dividend. Meanwhile, a positive and statistically significant effect of profit and firm’s size ondividend was witnessed. For firms that have a low growth, a positive significant effect of leverage on free cashflow was observed, whereas for firms that have a high growth, results proved a positive but not significant effect.Finally, the effect of dividend on free cash flow for both categories of firms was positive but not significant.Keywords: Agency Costs, Free Cash Flow, Dividend, Leverag

The relationship between proactive personality and employees’ creativity: the mediating role of intrinsic motivation and creative self-efficacy

Employees’ creativity is one of the most important factors in the success of organizations which has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Recent research has suggested that proactive personality fosters creativity. However, there is a lack of research into the mechanisms that make this link possible. The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between proactive personality and employee creativity by focusing on the mediating roles of intrinsic motivation and creative self-efficacy. Data from 178 Iranian agriculture experts were collected and analyzed by conducting structural equation modeling. The results indicated that proactive personality was directly and positively related to employees’ creativity. Additionally, the results showed that intrinsic motivation and creative self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between proactive personality and employees’ creativity. The findings not only shed light on mechanisms that underlie in the proactive personality -creativity linkage but they also highlight the importance of intrinsic motivation and creative self-efficacy in the linkage. Together, the study extends the effect of proactive personality on creativity and the mediation mechanisms underlying this relationship. The theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed

Analyzing Hamidreza Mohajerani's Translation of the Novel "Barid Al-Layl" Based on the Theory of "Antoine Berman"

Translation of literary texts is one of the most difficult types of translation, which faces challenges that make it even more complicated and difficult. Today, theorists have helped translators by presenting various techniques and superior methods of translation and have paved their way forward to some extent. One of the prominent theoreticians in this field is Antoine Berman, who enumerates thirteen factors of deviation in translation in his theory entitled Deforming Tendencies. Based on the techniques of Berman's translation, the present research analyzes the novel Barid Al-Layl written by Hoda Barakat and translated by Seyyed Hamidreza Mohajerani with the title "Post-e Shabaneh". In this translation, several tendencies of Berman's theory have been discussed, which have been the most repeated in Mohajerani’s translation, these tendencies are: rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative and quantitative impoverishment. Of course, it is necessary to mention that there are some examples of other deforming tendencies in this translation, which have been avoided due to their low number. In this article, with a careful study, cases of deviations in the translation of Barid Al-Layl are presented based on the mentioned tendencies, and in some cases, a suggested translation is also presented. In general, it can be said that the biggest cause of deviation in Mohajerani’s translation is related to the explanation and interpretation of the translator, who intends for the reader to clearly understand the content; therefore, it is clear that this translation is more oriented towards the target text.Keywords: Analysis of Translation, Barid Al-Layl, Hamidreza Mohajerani, Antoine Berman.IntroductionTranslation is a special example of the intersection of languages and one of the human activities that have a long history and allow for political, economic, cultural, and commercial exchanges, etc. between different nations and languages, and this clearly shows the necessity of translation. It goes without saying that a translation that does not adhere to the principle of faithfulness leads to misunderstanding and presenting a wrong meaning to the reader, which itself can cause great problems. At present, many theories related to superior translation techniques have been presented by great scientists and theoreticians all over the world. It is appropriate for translators to translate consciously and based on these techniques.Since Berman is one of the famous theorists in the field of translation; therefore, the present study aims to analyze some parts of the novel Barid Al-Layl translated by Hamidreza Mohajerani, according to Berman's basic principles, and to analyze and criticize the deviations that exist in it based on the proposed principles. The most important goal of this research is that the translation of Mohajerani from the novel of Barid Al-Layl was based on Antoine Berman's criteria and how faithful the translator is to the source language. This research examines the above criteria with a descriptive-analytical method.Literature ReviewSo far, many works have been written in the field of Antoine Berman's theory, some of which are as follows:- Mohammad Farhadi, Seyyed Mahmoud Al-Mirzaei Al-Husseini and Ali Nazari (2016) in criticism and review of expansion and explanations in the translation of Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādiyya based on Berman's theory (case study of Ansarian’s translation) have reviewed and criticized expansion and explanations which, based on the deforming tendencies, were out of place in Ansarian's translation and no benefit was obtained from it except for expansion, and in some cases, a suggested translation was presented.- Shahryar Niazi and Ensieh Sadat Hashemi (2018) in an article on the effectiveness of the component of (clarification) of Berman's model in evaluating the translation of the Qur'an: a case study of Rezaei Isfahani's translation, examine the surahs Anfal, Tobah, Ahzab and Tahrim in Rezaei Isfahani's translation. They conclude that in some cases, due to the lack of Ta'nis and Tasnieh in the Persian language and the lack of equivalents in Persian for some terms, transparency in the translation of the Holy Quran is inevitable.Although many articles have been written in connection with Berman's theory, no research has been conducted on Hoda Barakat’s novel of Barid Al-Layl, either from the perspective of Berman's theory or other experts.The present research aims to analyze the translation of the novel Barid Al-Layl by Seyed Hamidreza Mohajerani based on Antoine Berman's theory with an analytical-descriptive method and to analyze and criticize the frequent deviations of this translation from Berman's principles. The questions of this research are:- Among the thirteen components of Berman, which one has played a greater role in distorting the source text of the novel Barid Al-Layl?- How faithful was the translator to the original text?MethodologyIn this research, using the analytical and descriptive method, Mr. Hamidreza Mohajerani’s translation of Barid Al-Layl has been investigated. That is, in addition to examining the translation and to what extent it is based on deforming tendencies, examples for better translation are also mentioned.ConclusionBased on the investigations carried out in this research, it is clear that Hamidreza Mohajerani’s translation of Barid Al-Layl is more focused on the target text and the reader rather than adhering to the original text. In general, Mohajerani’s translation from the novel of Barid Al-Layl is very fluent and understandable, which shows the translator's mastery and awareness of both the source and target languages.In this translation, which has been studied and analyzed from the point of view of Berman's deforming tendencies, we notice the use of many cases of distortions that Berman considers objectionable in the translation. Six of Berman's tendencies are more prominent in this translation. In this article, an attempt has been made to criticize the parts of the translation of Barid Al-Layl that have been influenced by the deforming tendencies, and by citing the theories of the great figures in the field of translation, the criticism has been substantiated and documented, and finally, a suggested translation has been presented. In response to the two main questions of this research, firstly: about the use of deforming tendencies, it should be said that rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, and qualitative and quantitative impoverishment are the six cases that have had the highest frequency in Mohajerani’s translation. Secondly: Regarding the translator's faithfulness to the original text, it should be said that even though Mohajerani's translation of the novel Barid Al-Layl is a fluent and understandable translation, the use of tendencies that distance it from the source text is seen a lot, which causes the translation text to distance itself from the original text. It goes without saying that the translation of a novel is different from the translation of scientific, religious, legal, etc. texts. In the translation of the mentioned texts, the translator should not deviate a bit from the original text; but in the translation of the novel, the translator has freedom of action and can make changes to make the text of the novel more beautiful and attract more audience. Of course, this freedom of action in the translation of novels should not be to the extent that the meaning and concept of the translated text have a huge gap with the original text

Self-rated health and internet addiction in Iranian medical sciences students; prevalence, risk factors and complications

Introduction: Self-rated health is a brief measure for general health. It is a comprehensive and sensitive index for prediction of health in future. Due to the high internet usage in medical students, the current study designed to evaluate the self-rated health (SR H) in relationship with internet addiction risk factors in medical students. Methods: This cross sectional study conducted on 254 students of Qom University of Medical Sciences 2014. Participants selected by two stage sampling method including stratified and simple random sampling. The Young’s questionnaire of internet addiction and SR H question used for data collection. Chisquare, t-test, and logistic regression used in data analysis. Results: More than 79.9% of students reported their general health good and very good. The student’s mean score of general health was higher than the average. In addition, the prevalence of internet addiction was 28.7%. An inverse significant correlation observed between SR H and internet addiction score (r=-0.198, p=0.002). Using internet for Entertainment, using private Email and chat rooms were the most important predictors of affecting to internet addiction. Moreover, internet addiction is the most predictors of SR H and increased the odds of bad SR H. Conclusion: The good SR H of medical students was higher than general population but in health faculty’ students were lower than others. Due to the effect of internet addiction on SRH and increasing trend of internet use in medical students, as well as low age of participants, attention to psychological aspects and the job expectancy in future, can effective on increasing the good SRH

Comparison of Developmental Status of Infants Less Than 24 Months Who Were Born from Mothers in High-Risk Age Groups

Abstract Introduction: Development in children is a qualitative change in their abilities. When children cannot acquire developmental skills according to age, it shows delayed development. Low and high maternal age during pregnancy is a kind of risk factor for developmental disorders in children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive comparative study that was performed on 400 women who had less than 19 and over 35 years old during pregnancy and now have 4-24-months infants that referred to health centers Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. Participants were selected through multi-stage random sampling. Data collection instruments were: A demographic, obstetric and the “Ages and Stages Questionnaires” for 4-24 months children. Data analysis was done by using the software SPSS 16, and independent t-test, chi-square and logistic-regression tests were used. Results: The prevalence of developmental delay in infants 4-24-months of mothers fewer than 19 and older than 35 years was 7 percent and 11 percent respectively. In mothers over 35 years old, all domains were higher than the others. In both groups of maternal age, the most delayed development was gross motor; the lowest prevalence of late event in a group of mothers less than 19 years was personal-social skills and in women over 35 years was problem-solving. Conclusions: Pregnancy in ages over 35 and less than 19 years are risk factors for the developmental delay of children and could be prevented by appropriate strategies and training

Effective Factors on Oral Health-Promoting Behaviors among Elementary School Students Based on BASNEF Model

Effective Factors on Oral Health-Promoting Behaviors among Elementary School Students Based on BASNEF Model Naseri Pour Takallo Zohreh1, Ahmadi Tabatabaei Seyed Vahid2, Zolala Farzaneh3, Mohseni Mohabbat4* 1. Msc Student, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 2. Assistant Professor, Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 3. Associate Professor , Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute of Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 4. Assistant Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran *Correspondence: Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Health School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Road , Kerman, Iran. Email: [email protected] Tel: 03431325098 Fax: 03431325094 Abstract: Introduction: Oral diseases are the most common diseases in the world, and among them, tooth decay is the most common problem. The aim of this study was to determine the effective factors on oral health-promoting behaviors among elementary school students of Baft based on BASNEF Model in 2015. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 200 elementary school students who were selected using multistage random sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire including 62 questions consisted of two parts: demographic information and constructs of BASNEF model (attitude, subjective norms, behavioral intention, enabling factors, and behaviors). Data were analyzed using SPSS 16. Results: Score of oral health-promoting behaviors in 74% of the students was moderate and in 20% of the students was good. Statistically significant relationship was observed between oral health-promoting behaviors of the students and class grades (P=0.004), mother's education (P=0.004), father's education (P=0.034), and father's occupation (P=0.007). Among the constructs of BASNEF model, enabling factors (β=0.511) and then behavioral intentions (β=0.426) were the strongest predicting factors of oral health behavior. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, enabling factors were the most effective constructs of oral health-promoting behaviors; therefore, oral health promoters are recommended to focus on this issue. Key¬words: Health Promotion, Oral Health, Students, BASNEF Model Citation: Naseri Pour Takallo Z, Ahmadi Tabatabaei SV, Zolala F, Mohseni M. Effective Factors on Oral Health-Promoting Behaviors among Elementary School Students Based on BASNEF Model. Journal of Health Based Research 2016; 2(3): 259-273

Developing the Persian Version of Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale

Objectives: Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS) is a useful tool for the quantitative evaluation of auditory behaviors in different situations. The present study aimed to develop the Persian version of IT-MAIS. Methods: There was 4 main steps in the translation and validation of the scale, as follows: forward translation, synthesis, backward translation, and expert committee discussion. Then, the final Persian version of the scale was analyzed in terms of reliability and validity. The scale was studied on the parents of 17 hearing impaired and 17 normal hearing children. Results: There was a significant difference in the mean score of scale between hearing impaired and normal hearing children (P≤0.001). The internal consistency of the items was satisfactory. The Cronbach’s alpha for the overall score was 0.93. Discussion: This study suggested that IT-MAIS-F can be a reliable and valid tool for the evaluation of the auditory function of children. However, the sample size of the study was small. Thus, studies with larger sample sizes are recommended. In addition, test-retest reliability of the scale was not studied

Potential effect of coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) on serum NGAL biomarker and kidney function following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting surgery

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, and is associated with major adverse outcomes. Effect of preoperative administration of coenzyme Q10 was evaluated in order to realize that whether it could prevent the occurrence of AKI following elective CABG surgery. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty patients who were candidate for elective CABG surgery between September 2017 and August 2018 were randomly assigned to intervention group (receiving coenzyme Q10, 300 mg BID for 2 days before surgery) and control group. Serum NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) was measured at baseline, 6 and 24 hours after surgery. Serum creatinine (sCr) and urine output (UO) were also measured at baseline and after surgery. Results: Fifty patients completed the study. The total incidence of acute kidney injury was 32%. There were no significant differences in the incidence of AKI (p=0.07) between the two groups. Serum NGAL was shown no significant difference at 6 (p=0.13) and 24 (p=0.22) hours after surgery compared to the baseline level between the two groups, whereas, the significant difference in the hospitalization duration was shown between them (p=0.02). Conclusion: CoQ10 supplementation did not significantly decrease the incidence of AKI in patients undergoing elective CABG

Sleep quality in medical students; the impact of over-use of mobile cell-phone and social networks

Background: Poor sleep quality is closely associated with lifestyle habits including use of mobile cell-phones. This study aimed to identify the relationship between sleep quality due to abuse in mobile cell-phones and engagement in social networks. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 380 undergraduate students selected by proportional stratified sampling in Qom, Iran in 2015. Data were collected by two statndard questionnaire including Cell-Phone Over-Use Scale (COS) and Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire beside the status of usage in cell-phone social networks. T-test, chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate logistic regression were used in data analysis. Results: The mean age of participants was 21.8 ±3.2 yr, 69.1% were female, and 11.7% were married. The mean of COS and sleep quality scores were 48.18 ±17.5 and 5.38 ±2.31, respectively. The prevalence of over-use of cell phone was 10.7% (CI 0.95; 8.8%, 12.6%) and the prevalence of poor sleep quality was 61.7% (CI 0.95; 57.1%, 66.3%). The mean of all aspects and total score of sleep quality showed a direct significant association by cell-phone addiction score except sleep duration score that was inversely. Based on multivariate analysis affected to cell-phone addiction, being male gender and studying in general physician level are the most important predictors of poor sleep quality. Conclusions: Over use of internet and social networks via smart phones is related to poor sleep quality and quantity. Predefined sport programs, educational, cultural, and interesting entertainment are the essential needs for all medical students. These interventions are more important especially for male students who have longer educational

The Role of Safavid Immigrant Physicians in Promoting Persian Language in the Indian Subcontinent

زمینه و هدف: از گذشته دور، ایران و هند دارای ارتباط فرهنگی بودند، ولیکن در دوره تیموریان این ارتباط عمیق‌تر گردید. زبان فارسی در اواخر قرن چهارم، در عصر سلطان محمود غزنوی به طور گسترده وارد شبه‌قاره هند شد، اما اوج پیشرفت آن، در دوره تیموریان بود که به زبان رسمی دربار و زبان اهل علم، سیاست و دین مبدل گردید. مهاجرت گسترده پزشکان ایرانی به هند پدیده‌ نادر اجتماعی عصر صفوی بود که در تاریخ فرهنگی، ادبی و علمی شبه‌قاره هند تغییرات محسوسی را به وجود آورد. هدف این مطالعه تحلیل نقش پزشکان مهاجر عصر صفوی در گسترش زبان و ادب فارسی در شبه‌قاره هند است. مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، با استفاده از کتب تاریخی عصر صفویه و تیموریان و نیز مقاله‌های مرتبط با موضوع صورت گرفته است. یافته‌ها: برخی از اطبای مهاجر به هند جزء طبقات شعرا نیز محسوب می‌شدند. تأسیس انجمن ادبی برای شاعران توسط حکیم گیلانی و عبدالرحیم‌خان خانان اسباب پیشرفت شعرا را مهیا نمود. فرهنگ‌نامه‌های مهم فارسی از قبیل فرهنگ‌نامه جهانگیری، فرهنگ‌نامه برهان و فرهنگ‌نامه رشیدی تدوین گردید. کتاب‌های پزشکی فارسی در موضوعات پزشکی، دامپزشکی و داروسازی تألیف شد. نتیجه‌گیری: پزشکان ایرانی سهم به سزایی در فرهنگ و تمدن دوره تیموری هند داشتند. آنان با نگارش آثار خود به زبان فارسی سبب تقویت بار علمی ادبیات فارسی شدند. این امر با توجه به استقبال پادشاهان تیموری و حمایت آنان از پزشکان ایرانی میسر شد.Background and Aim: An Iran and India have a cultural relation from distant past, but this relation was being deeper in the Timuriyan era. Persian language entered in subcontinent in Soltan Mahmood Ghaznavids era in the end of 4th century. But it’s the pinnacle of progress was in Timuriyan era that it was changed to the official language of court and scholars, politics and religion. The wild migration of Iranian physician to Indian was a social rare phenomenon in Safavid era that created the sensible changes in the cultural, scientific and literary history of subcontinent. The aim of this study is the analysis of the Safavid era migrant physician's role in the development of persian language and literature in subcontinent. Material and Methods: This study was conducted by investigation of the historical books of Timuriyan era and Safavid era and articles related to the subject under discussion using a descriptive-analytical method. Findings: Some of the migrant physician were considered a part of poets classes too. The establishment of literary association for the ports by Hakim Gillany and Abdol Rahim khankhanan provided poets development. The important Persian Encyclopedia such as Jahangiri Encyclopedi, Borhan Encyclopedia and Rashidi Encyclopedia were compiled. The Persian medical books about musician, veterinary and pharmacy were compiled too. Conclusion: Iranian physician have an important role in Indian culture and civilization in Timuriyan era. They caused the reinforcement of Persian literature by writing their works in Persian language. This event has been possible due to Timuriyan kings welcomed and their support from Iranian physician.   Please cite this article as: Eslami Fard Z, Ahmadi N, Karimi B, Ghaffari F. The Role of Safavid Immigrant Physicians in Promoting Persian Language in the Indian Subcontinent. Med Hist J 2016; 8(28): 19-26