The expression of miR-17 and miR-29a in placenta-derived exosomes in LPS-induced abortion mice model: An experimental study

Background: The expression pattern of microRNAs in placenta-derived exosomes plays a crucial role in the regulation of immune responses and inflammation at the fetal–maternal interface. Objective: Considering the immunomodulatory properties of miR-17 and miR-29a, we determined their expression levels in placenta-derived exosomes in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced abortion mice model. Materials and Methods: A total of 14 pregnant BALB/c mice, aged 6–8 wk, were randomly divided into two groups (n = 7/each) on the gestational day 11.5. While the mice in the experimental group were treated with LPS, those in the control group were treated with Phosphate buffered saline; 5 hr after the treatment, the placental cells were isolated and cultured for 48 hr. Then, the cell culture supernatants were collected and used for isolation of exosomes. The isolated exosomes were confirmed by western blot and scanning electron microscopy. The miRNAs were then extracted from exosomes, and cDNA synthesized. The expression levels of miR-17 and miR-29a were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Results: Our results showed that the expression levels of miR-29a in placenta-derived exosomes obtained from the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group. Also, the expression levels of miR-17 in the placenta-derived exosomes obtained from the experimental group were found to decrease; however, it did not show significant changes compared with the control group (p ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: Inflammatory reactions at the fetal–maternal interface can alter miRNAs expression patterns in placenta-derived exosomes, especially miRNAs with immunomodulatory effects such as miR-29a. Key words: Exosome, miR-17, miR-29a, Placenta, Inflammation

Predicting microRNAs as Anti-viral Agents in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Based on the Bioinformatics Approach: A Systematic Review

Purpose: The beginning of 2020, the World health organization (WHO) declared severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Previous studies showed that microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to inhibit pathogenesis of DNA or RNA viruses by binding the genome. The purpose of the current study is an overview of the anti-viral role of cellular miRNAs against the COVID-19 infection. Methods: Our search was limited to all published original papers in the English language from 2019 to 2021 using several databases including PubMed, Google scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct. A manual search of references for included articled was also performed. Among 66 electronically searched citations, 17 papers met the inclusion criteria. Results: The presence of miRNAs during the COVID-19 infection, reported by several studies, predicts the possibility of using miRNAs as potential tools to eradicate the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In some studies, miRNAs have presented as a tool for targeting SARS-CoV-2 encoded genes which are essential in viral biogenesis, entrance, replication, and infection. Conclusion: The comparison of miRNA between SARS-CoV-2 with other human coronaviruses will help the better understanding of distinct clinical characteristics of them

Effect of Cell Wall, Cytoplasmic Fraction and Killed-Candida albicans on Nitric Oxide Production by Peritoneal Macrophages from BALB/c Mice

Objective(s)The fractions of Candida albicans have been used as an immunomodulator. The present work assessed theeffect of different fractions of C. albicans on nitric oxide (NO) production by mice peritoneal macrophages.Materials and MethodsCell wall and cytoplasmic fractions of C. albicans ATCC 10321 strain were extracted. Mice peritonealmacrophages were purified and cultured. Different concentrations of both fractions and also killedC. albicans cells were used for macrophages stimulation and evaluation of NO production. NO amount wasdetected in culture supernatants of macrophages by Griess reagent. Also, MTT assay was performed toassess the viability of macrophages.ResultsThe results elucidated that suppressive effect of cell wall proteins on NO release was significant at the doseof 100 μg/ml (P=0.01), while cytoplasmic fraction increased NO amount at the dose of 1 μg/ml compared tothe control group (P=0.003). Augmentation of NO production was statistically significant at 200 killedC. albicans per well (P=0.006).ConclusionAccording to our findings, cytoplasmic fractions and killed C. albicans have a positive effect on NOproduction by peritoneal macrophages, while cell wall fractions did not. Therefore, it is proposed thatC. albicans fractions can be studied more as inflammation modulators.Keywords: Candida albicans, Macrophages, Nitric Oxid

Personality traits of patients with multiple sclerosis and their correlation with anxiety and depression levels: A cross‐sectional case–control study

Abstract Objective Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that can cause severe disability and impair the quality of life (QoL). Methods In the current cross‐sectional, case–control study, we investigated personality traits, anxiety and depression levels, in 101 patients in the case group and 202 individuals as a control group. The personality traits of the participants were collected via the Neuroticism‐Extraversion‐Openness Five‐Factor Inventory (NEO‐FFI) questionnaire. We evaluated the level of anxiety and depression based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire. Results Our study showed in patients with disease duration above 1 year, the rates of agreement (29.78), anxiety (8.83), and depression level (6.39) were significantly higher than the control group (27.19, 6.47, and 4.97, respectively). Although patients with disease duration below 1 year showed a higher level of agreement and conscientiousness (29.65 and 34.35, respectively) than controls (26.6 and 30.86, respectively). The level of anxiety and depression in patients with a disability index above 4.5 was significantly higher than patients with a disability index below 1. Patients with a disability index below 1 showed a higher rate of extraversion and agreement and conscientiousness (31.47, 31.53, and 35.07, respectively) than controls (25.5, 26.23, and 3033, respectively). In addition, patients with a disability index above 4.5 showed a higher level of agreement (35.64), conscientiousness (35.5), anxiety (9.64), and depression (7.5) than controls (25.96, 30.71, 6.96, and 4.71, respectively). Conclusions In conclusion, anxiety and depression levels were much higher among MS patients compared with controls and the severity of these conditions correlate with the score of the disability index. Therefore, a complete comprehension of these conditions by the neurologist could be vital in improving patients’ QoL and increasing compliance and adherence to pharmacological therapy