The effect of surface reflection and clouds on the estimation of total ozone from satellite measurements

The total amount of ozone in a vertical column is being measured by Nimbus 4 and 7 observations of the intensity of ultraviolet sunlight scattered from the earth. The algorithm for deriving the amount of ozone from the observations uses the assumption that the surface reflects the light isotropically and the albedo is independent of wavelength. The effects of anisotropic surfaces and clouds on the estimate of total ozone are computed for models of the earth-atmosphere system

The Impact of Supervisory Inputs on Postgraduate Students

Pengawasan telah menjadi isu utama dalam studi di sekolah pascasarjana. Pengawasan dapat didefinisikan sebagai hubungan orang per orang secara intensif dan interpersonal. Pengawas dirancang untuk dapat memfasilitasi perkembangan akademik mahasiswa baik terkait dengan tugas maupun penelitian mereka. Paper ini menunjukkan betapa kompleksnya bidang pengawasan terhadap mahasiswa, yang dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, di antaranya latar belakang sosial, kepribadian pengawas dan mahasiswa, hubungan yang berkembang di antara mereka, keahlian pengawas, dan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi oleh para mahasiswa. Paper ini mendiskusikan pentingnya input-input kepengawasan dalam proses pengawasan, dan juga meneropong hakikat interaksi sosial antara pengawas dengan mahasiswa. Sasaran yang dituju dalam paper ini adalah untuk mengembangkan pengawasan yang efektif terhadap mahasiswa sekolah pascasarjana guna menghasilkan modal sumber daya manusia yang unggul. Kata kunci : pengawasan, mahasiswa pascasarjana, input kepengawasan, dan pengawasan efekti

Isolasi Dan Identifikasi Penyebab Penyakit Speckle Daun Pisang

. The experiment was conducted at Phytopathology Laboratory of Universiti Putra Malaysia from May to De- cember 2001. The aim of this study was to isolate and to identify the causal agent of speckle disease from banana leaves. The isolation techniques used were cellotape imprint, direct plating diseased banana leaves, and single spore isolation. The results showed that the suitable technique for isolation agent of speckle disease was single spore isola- tion. Observation showed that the conidia in cultures were predominantly one-celled, colorless, produced in catenulate chains, and were ellipsoidal, ovate cylindrical or fusiform in shape. The average conidial dimension in cul- tures was 3-21 mm in length and 2- 6 mm in width. Those observed from cellotape imprints made on banana leaves were larger, averaging 5 -22 mm in length and 3 -7 mm in width. The cultural and morphological characteristics of the fungus isolated from diseased banana leaf samples are discussed

AMCTD: Adaptive Mobility of Courier nodes in Threshold-optimized DBR Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

In dense underwater sensor networks (UWSN), the major confronts are high error probability, incessant variation in topology of sensor nodes, and much energy consumption for data transmission. However, there are some remarkable applications of UWSN such as management of seabed and oil reservoirs, exploration of deep sea situation and prevention of aqueous disasters. In order to accomplish these applications, ignorance of the limitations of acoustic communications such as high delay and low bandwidth is not feasible. In this paper, we propose Adaptive mobility of Courier nodes in Threshold-optimized Depth-based routing (AMCTD), exploring the proficient amendments in depth threshold and implementing the optimal weight function to achieve longer network lifetime. We segregate our scheme in 3 major phases of weight updating, depth threshold variation and adaptive mobility of courier nodes. During data forwarding, we provide the framework for alterations in threshold to cope with the sparse condition of network. We ultimately perform detailed simulations to scrutinize the performance of our proposed scheme and its comparison with other two notable routing protocols in term of network lifetime and other essential parameters. The simulations results verify that our scheme performs better than the other techniques and near to optimal in the field of UWSN.Comment: 8th International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA'13), Compiegne, Franc

Patogenisitas Penyakit Speckle Daun Pisang (Cladosporium Musae Ma Son) Pada Tanaman Pisang

Penelitian dilakukandi Laboratorium Fitopatologi Fakulti Pertanian Universiti Putra Ma lay sia dari bulan Juni sampaiSep tem ber 2002. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui patogenisitas cendawan Cladosporium musae Ma sonpada tanaman pisang sebagai tanaman inangnya. Bibit tanaman pisang barangan (AAA) umur 8 minggu yang berasaldari kul tur jaringan dan potongan daun bibit pisang barangan umur 8 minggu diinokulasi dengan cara disemprotsuspensi konidia C. musae (106 konidia per ml). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daun bibit pisang barangan yangdiinokulasi dengan suspensi konidia C. musae dan dipelihara di dalam rumah kaca gagal menunjukkan gejala spesifikpenyakit speckle daun. Meskipun demikian, patogenisitas C. musae dapat dibuktikan melalui inokulasi potongandaun bibit pisang barangan dengan suspensi konidia cendawan tersebut. Pengujian secara mikroskopis menunjukkanbahwa infeksi penyakit terjadi melalui stomata. Selain itu pengujian secara histologis menunjukkan bahwa di dalamsel-sel daun, hifa C. musae tumbuh dan berkembang baik secara intrasel maupun antarsel.Patho ge nic ity study of ba nanaleaf speckle (Cladosporium musae Ma son) on ba nana. The ex per i ment was con ducted in Phytopathology Lab o ra -tory Fac ulty of Ag ri cul ture, Uni ver sity of Putra Ma lay sia from June - Sep tem ber, 2002. The aim of this ex per i mentwas to es tab lish and con firm the patho ge nic ity of Cladosporium musae Ma son on ba nana as the host plant. The ba nanaseed lings of barangan (AAA) of 8 weeks old pro duced by tis sue cul ture and de tached ba nana leaves of barangan werein oc u lated by spray ing with conidia sus pen sion of C. musae (106 conidia per ml). The re sults of this ex per i mentshowed that in oc u la tion of barangan seed lings which were main tained un der glass house con di tions was failed show -ing the speckle dis ease symp tom on ba nana leaves. How ever, ev i dence of patho ge nic ity was ob tained by a sim i lar in -oc u la tion done on de tached leaves of barangan. Mi cro scopic ex am i na tions re vealed hyphal pen e tra tion via stomatare sult ing in ne cro sis of the cells ad ja cent. Histological ex am i na tions also showed intracellular and intercellular growthof C. musae within leaf cells

Effect of sediment load boundary conditions in predicting sediment Delta of Tarbela Reservoir in Pakistan

Setting precise sediment load boundary conditions plays a central role in robust modeling of sedimentation in reservoirs. In the presented study, we modeled sediment transport in Tarbela Reservoir using sediment rating curves (SRC) and wavelet artificial neural networks (WA-ANNs) for setting sediment load boundary conditions in the HEC-RAS 1D numerical model. The reconstruction performance of SRC for finding the missing sediment sampling data was at R-2 = 0.655 and NSE = 0.635. The same performance using WA-ANNs was at R-2 = 0.771 and NSE = 0.771. As the WA-ANNs have better ability to model non-linear sediment transport behavior in the Upper Indus River, the reconstructed missing suspended sediment load data were more accurate. Therefore, using more accurately-reconstructed sediment load boundary conditions in HEC-RAS, the model was better morphodynamically calibrated with R-2 = 0.980 and NSE = 0.979. Using SRC-based sediment load boundary conditions, the HEC-RAS model was calibrated with R-2 = 0.959 and NSE = 0.943. Both models validated the delta movement in the Tarbela Reservoir with R-2 = 0.968, NSE = 0.959 and R-2 = 0.950, NSE = 0.893 using WA-ANN and SRC estimates, respectively. Unlike SRC, WA-ANN-based boundary conditions provided stable simulations in HEC-RAS. In addition, WA-ANN-predicted sediment load also suggested a decrease in supply of sediment significantly to the Tarbela Reservoir in the future due to intra-annual shifting of flows from summer to pre- and post-winter. Therefore, our future predictions also suggested the stability of the sediment delta. As the WA-ANN-based sediment load boundary conditions precisely represented the physics of sediment transport, the modeling concept could very likely be used to study bed level changes in reservoirs/rivers elsewhere in the world

Comparative Analysis of V-Akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog 3 (AKT3) Gene between Cow and Buffalo Reveals Substantial Differences for Mastitis

AKT3 gene is a constituent of the serine/threonine protein kinase family and plays a crucial role in synthesis of milk fats and cholesterol by regulating activity of the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP). AKT3 is highly conserved in mammals and its expression levels during the lactation periods of cattle are markedly increased. AKT3 is highly expressed in the intestine followed by mammary gland and it is also expressed in immune cells. It is involved in the TLR pathways as effectively as proinflammatory cytokines. The aims of this study were to investigate the sequences differences between buffalo and cow. Our results showed that there were substantial differences between buffalo and cow in some exons and noteworthy differences of the gene size in different regions. We also identified the important consensus sequence motifs, variation in 2000 upstream of ATG, substantial difference in the “3′UTR” region, and miRNA association in the buffalo sequences compared with the cow. In addition, genetic analyses, such as gene structure, phylogenetic tree, position of different motifs, and functional domains, were performed to establish their correlation with other species. This may indicate that a buffalo breed has potential resistance to disease, environment changes, and airborne microorganisms and some good production and reproductive traits

Navigasi dan Kendali pada Pesawat Udara Nir Awak (Puna) untuk Menghindari Halangan

Pesawat udara nir awak(PUNA) adalah pesawat udara multifungsi yang dikendalikan tanpa menggunakan awak manusia. PUNA dapat bergerak sampai ke tempat tujuan jika diterapkan sebuah navigasi dan kendali. Masalah yang muncul pada pernerbangan PUNA diantaranya masalah jalur tempuh dan halangan pada lintasan. Navigasi penerbangan adalah proses mengarahkan posisi pesawat dari satu titik ke titik yang lain dengan selamat dan lancar untuk menghindari rintangan penerbangan. Navigasi yang digunakan adalah dengan merancang Algoritma perencanaan lintasan menggunakan geometri Dubins. Agar PUNA tetap pada lintasan yang dibangun maka diperlukan suau kendali optimal. Kendali yang digunakan adalah Prin- sip Minimum Pontryagin(PMP) yang berguna untuk meminimumkan atau memaksimumkan fungsi tujuan. Kasus yang diteliti dalam paper ini, yaitu PUNA bergerak mengikuti lintasan yang dibangun dengan metode geometri dubins. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam paper ini adalah mendapatkan suatu lintasan optimal untuk menghindari halangan berupa lingkaran

Purification and characterization of thermostable chitinase from a novel S. maltophilia strain

Aims: The presents study examines the purification and characterization of a chitinase from S. maltophilia SJ602 strainisolated from a soil sample collected from Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi.Methodology and Results: The purification steps included chitin affinity using colloidal chitin as the affinity matrix andcolumn chromatography using Sephadex G-100. The chitinase was purified to 66 fold having a yield of 17%. The molecular weight of the chitinase was found to be around 29 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The pH and temperature optima of the purified chitinase were found to be at pH 5.5 and60 °C, respectively. Conclusion, Significance and Impact of the study: Besides showing a significant yield, the enzyme has a highthermal stability which has its applicability in the recycling of chitin waste