Toxicity Evaluation of 6-Mercaptopurine Using Accelerated Cytotoxicity Mechanism Screening (ACMS) techniques

6- Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is widely used in clinic as an immunosuppressive for treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis with documented unpredictable hepatotoxicity. The potential molecular cytotoxic mechanisms of 6-MP against isolated rat hepatocytes were searched in this study using ―Accelerated Cytotoxicity Mechanism Screening (ACMS)‖ techniques. The concentration of 6-MP required to cause 50% cytotoxicity in 2 hour at 37∘C was detected to be 400 μM. A significant increase in 6-MP induced cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, % mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), lysosomal damage were observed. The addition of chloroquine (lysosomotropic agent), L-carnitine (inhibitor of membrane permeability transition (MPT), Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) as an inhibitor of production of superoxide, and H2O2 by mitochondria and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a radical scavenger decreased 6-MP-induced cytotoxicity, ROS formation, collapse of MMP, and lysosomal damage. Results from this study suggest that 6-MP -induced cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes due to ROS formation, mitochondrial and lysosomal damages that resulted in crosstalk toxicity between mitochondrial and lysosomal damage and finally cell death

Role of Oxygen Free Radicals in Cancer Development and Treatment

It is well known that species derived from oxygen are cytotoxic and are involved in the etiology of cancer. Several carcinogens during metabolism exert their effect by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of the consequences of oxidative damage to cellular DNA is mutated. It plays a vital role in the process of carcinogenesis (especially in the initiation and progression). The alters, including rearrangement of DNA sequence, base modification, DNA miscoding lesions, gene amplification, and the activation of oncogenes, could be implicated in the initiation stage of several cancers. Mitochondrial changes in the cancer cells are well known and as a result are respiratory injured. Mitochondrial dysfunction could lead to a low coupling efficiency of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC), raising electron leakage and increased ROS formation. It has been documented that by reducing and inactivation of antioxidant system, the oxidative stress (OS) in cancer cells is higher. Cancer cells exhibit a higher oxidative stress level compared to normal cells, rendering tumor cells more vulnerable to raise ROS levels. Therefore, increasing ROS levels through redox modulation can be a strategy to selectively kill cancer cells but not normal cells. A promising anti-cancer method named “oxidation therapy” has been developed by causing cytotoxic oxidative stress for cancer therapy. In this chapter, we described the role of ROS as a double-edged sword in cancer development and treatment

Spatial justice in relation to the urban amenities distribution in Austin, Texas

In addition to enhancing our theoretical grasp of justice, thinking spatially about it can also reveal important new insights that broaden our practical understanding in order to advance justice and democracy. On the other hand, these opportunities won’t be as obvious if the spatial equities aren't made apparent and strong. Austin city has experienced a fast-urban growing in the past decades. As urban areas grow, the public facilities should increase. The purpose of this paper investigates Facilities in terms of public facilities. Even though we said that the concept of justice is very complex, it is possible to get an understanding of it by using a quantitative method. This paper explores the condition of urban justice and opportunities for accessibility to public facilities for all residents in Austin by using GIS data and the Fuzzy logic model. The facilities and services maps were made in GIS and after the Euclidean Distance and Reclassify function in Arc Map, the Fuzzy Logic model was used to analyze spatial justice. The result shows the facilities are distributed properly. Spatial justice is in the context of Austin and residents enjoy spatial justice

Analysis of Spatial Justice in Access to Urban Services Case study: Yasouj city

Given that the urban spatial structure has a coherent system and is made up of a variety of components and elements, it appears necessary to emphasize its aspects in terms of different service indicators.The instability of any one of these components can have an impact on the entire complex and urban structure.Given the significance of the issue of spatial justice inthe distribution of urban services,the present study aims to investigate how urban services are distributed inYasoujcity and to pinpoint imbalances and inequalities at the of the city.This article used a descriptive-analytical research method.The mean nearest neighbor index was employed to identify the distribution pattern of urban services,and network analysis in Arc GIS software was used to evaluate the status of the city in terms of access to public services.The results of the study indicate the location of service clusters in Yasouj city.In this manner, the service distribution is beneficial in the areas of the city that are in District1 of Region1 and District1 of Region2, but it is unfavorable in the areas of the city that are in the east and northeast as well as the southern neighborhoods.The research's overall findings indicate that Yasouj city's service distribution is in poor shape and that the outskirt areas are less prosperous than the city center neighborhoods.Therefore, it is advised reviewing the urban development plans, paying attention to the present needs and necessities, avoiding the place, spatial, and economic requirements in the location of services, and redistributing services and giving the disadvantaged neighborhoods priorit

Assessing the Institutional Capacity for the Perform of a Smart City in the Metropolis of Ahvaz

Institutional capacity, as an important factor, plays a bedrock role in the realization of smart cities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the current status of institutional capacity for the realization of a smart city in the metropolis of Ahvaz and ranking its indicators. The present study is a descriptive-analytical purpose in terms of applied purpose and methodology. In assessing the status of the components, it was selected as a statistical population by the experts of organizations that are involved in the smartening of Ahvaz metropolis or will be involved in the future; Finally, 380 questionnaires were completed by the statistical community; Which were selected by snowball sampling and supervised network. Data collection tool is a five-point electronic Likert questionnaire based on qualitative content analysis method; In order to analyze the data, mean statistical tests, one-sample t-test and Friedman ranking were used using SPSS software. Formal validity of the questionnaire with the opinion of professors and content validity using the relative content validity coefficient of CV equal to 0.78; And its authenticity and reliability were confirmed by Kendall coefficient W. According to the research findings, the status of the institutional capacity for the realization of a smart city in the metropolis of Ahvaz is not appropriate, and among these, the peripheral components and smart governance are in a lower situation compared to other components

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WRITING SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES MANUALLY AND BY USING ENDNOTE BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

ABSTRACT By writing scientific paper, one gradually starts the academic career. Academic staff members, most often have no choice but to engage in scientific writing to fulfill the requirements for selection or promotion in their academic career. Those who do not find themselves competent enough to write, at times indulge in plagiarism. The present study was conducted to compare writing references for scientific paper manually and by using EndNote software, which is quite helpful for the authors. In this study time consumed in inserting twenty references in a paper mannually was compared with putting references using EndNote software.(version 9) In addition, the format of references was changed in different manners to find out the time required for making these changes. Comparison of time spent for inserting one reference or all references in both formats Vancouver and Harvard showed significant difference (P<0.001). The study showed that persuading the authors to use electronic software for writing references and scientific papers would significantly improve the quality of the manuscripts besides enlarging the scope of medical journalism

Influencing Variables on Urban Spatial Structure in Metropolitan Regions; a Study in the Contemporary Theoretical Approaches and Practices

ABSTRACT: Metropolitan regions as a result of the steady stream of urbanization in industrial period which have occurred during 20th century, become the engine of countries growth and development. In the process of formation and development in these areas, spatial structuring that define through two elements of population and activity with the communication structure interacting between them, has been effective on the overall performance and the characteristics of spatial structure in metropolitan regions. The main goal of this research is to study the most important factors influencing the trends in the spatial structure of metropolitan regions. Through studying the various theories and also the contemplation of metropolitan region samples in developed and developing countries, it is hoped that a better and deeper understanding of total trends of spatial changing will be reached. Besides the main reasons influencing these trends can be identified. The research method is comparative-analytical, and the study is done by the help of recent literature analysis and review on the spatial structure of metropolitan regions. Results show that in a general, metropolitan regions in developing countries have similar trends in their structure, but with time delay more than developed western examples. Moreover the four major factors: communication infrastructure, economic globalization, decentralization and more effective communication between agencies and companies have had the most influence on the spatial processes and changes

A study of the obstacles to the perform of a smart city in the metropolis of Ahvaz from the perspective of chaos theory

Objective: Today, the perform of the smart city as a famous paradigm in the world in order to get rid of the growing problems and complexities caused by widespread urbanization, is more important than ever Therefore, the present study, in order to use the theory of chaos in the framework of the paradigm of complexity and to understand the current complex conditions of the metropolis of Ahvaz in order to achieve a smart city in this metropolis did research. Methods: The present article is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data collection tool is a researcher-made electronic questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale; In order to analyze the data, mean statistical tests, one-sample t-test and Friedman ranking were used using SPSS software. The statistical population of the study is experts working in the executive apparatus involved in the urban area of ​​Ahvaz. The statistical sample of this study is 380 samples that were selected by snowball sampling and supervised network. Results, chaos theory prevails in the metropolis and due to extreme weakness in the self-organizing balance component on the one hand and high power in three chaotic components of nonlinear effect, butterfly effect and unknown fascinates, the rule of chaos theory It is a serious obstacle to the realization of a smart city in the metropolis of Ahvaz. Conclusion: Therefore, strengthening the power of organization in the metropolis of Ahvaz is of strategic importance

Spatial Analysis of Subjective Indicators of Resilience in Informal Settlements in District 4 of Zahedan City

AbstractThe aim of the current research is to analyze the spatial status of the subjective indicators of resilience in the informal settlements of Zahedan. The statistical population includes residents of three neighborhoods: Karimabad, Qasimabad, and Shirabad. The reason for choosing these neighborhoods is their high vulnerability to natural and human hazards. In order to realize the spatial dimension of the research, spatial sampling was used in such a way that the studied neighborhoods were divided into small zones using the sampling tool set and the create fishnet tool in GIS software, and a number of questionnaires were assigned to each zone depending on its population. The sample size was estimated to be 384 people, which was distributed according to the population of each neighborhood and each zone. Factor analysis tests and techniques, Pearson's correlation, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Sheffe's post hoc test were used to analyze the questionnaire data, and GIS was used to prepare the maps. The research results indicate that there is a significant difference in the researched neighborhoods in terms of resilience indicators. In addition, the spatial sense of belonging index has the greatest effect on the resilience of the studied area. The results of Pearson’s correlation show that in the two neighborhoods of Karimabad and Shirabad, the highest correlation was between the two variables of safety and health and the sense of belonging to the place. In the neighborhood of Qasimabad, the highest correlation was between the two variables of knowledge and individual skill and the improvement of the economic situation.Keywords: Urban Resilience, Spatial Sampling, Informal Settlement, Zahedan.IntroductionThe issue of informal settlements is a form of settlement in which the optimal living function is at a low level compared to other urban areas. Due to the fragility and high vulnerability of these settlements against natural threats and social harms, their resilience (as one of the four goals of regeneration) should be given serious attention. Most of these settlements are located in high-risk areas such as rivers and mountain slopes where there is a possibility of landslides. This study investigates the spatial status of the subjective indicators of resilience in the informal settlements of District 4 of Zahedan City. Materials and MethodsThe present research is applied in terms of its purpose. In terms of nature and method, it is among descriptive-analytical studies. In order to realize the spatial dimension of the research, spatial sampling was used in such a way that the studied neighborhoods were divided into small zones using the sampling tool set and the fishnet tool in GIS software, and a number of questionnaires belonged to each zone depending on its population. The statistical population of the present study, which is considered among the informal settlements of Zahedan City, includes the residents of three neighborhoods: Karimabad, Qasimabad, and Shirabad. The reason for choosing these neighborhoods is their high vulnerability to all kinds of natural and human hazards (the passage of the fundamental fault near Mahdowa and the passage of the main roads of the city through the middle). It is one of the natural and human hazards that threaten the area and its residents. The sample size was estimated to be 384 people, which was distributed according to the population of each neighborhood and each zone. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using the opinions of supervisors, consultants, and other experts in the urban area, and their corrective opinions were applied and finally confirmed. The reliability of the questionnaire results was also measured using Cronbach's alpha, the value of which was 0.814, which indicates the good reliability of the questionnaire. Also, factor analysis tests and techniques, Pearson’s correlation, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Sheffe's post hoc test were used to analyze the questionnaire data, and GIS was used to prepare the maps. Research FindingsThe results of the factor analysis show that the most important component affecting resilience in the studied area is the sense of place belonging. On the other hand, the results obtained from Pearson's correlation show that in the Karimabad neighborhood, the highest relationship exists between the two variables of security and environmental health and the sense of place belonging. Also, in the Qasimabad neighborhood, the relationship between the components of individual knowledge and skill and the improvement of the economic situation is the strongest. In the Shirabad neighborhood, like Karimabad, the relationship between the two variables of security and health and the sense of belonging to the place is the most intense. The result of the analysis of variance, which was done to compare the neighborhoods in terms of resilience indicators, shows that there is a significant difference between the neighborhoods under the study in terms of the three variables of access, place belonging, and security and environmental health. Thus, the neighborhood of Karimabad, compared to the two neighborhoods, has a more favorable relative situation. Discussion of Results and ConclusionThe results of the spatial analysis indicate that the Karimabad neighborhood has a better condition than the other two neighborhoods (Qasimabad and Shirabad). The reason for this can be found in the implementation of regeneration programs. For example, if we look at the descriptive statistics, this neighborhood has fewer residents who do not have ownership documents. Therefore, by granting ownership documents and recognizing these neighborhoods, and on the other hand, by carrying out regeneration measures in different dimensions, it is possible to improve the resilience of the target neighborhoods