Insulin sources and types: a review of insulin in terms of its mode on diabetes mellitus

AbstractInsulin is involved in regulation of glucose utilization in the body. Inability of the body to synthesize insulin or human cells resistance to insulin leads to a condition called Diabetes mellitus which is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia. There are two types of diabetes; type 1 and type 2. Exogenous supply of insulin is needed consistently for type 1 diabetes treatment and type 2 diabetes also needs to be cured by the exogenous supply of insulin in advance stages of the disease. These sources have been proved very useful to meet the needs of the patients. However, these insulin types are expensive for the large population of patients in the developing countries. Furthermore, the incidence of diabetes is advancing at an alarming rate. Hence production systems with even higher capabilities of production are desired. Therefore, currently plants are being investigated as alternative production systems. Based on the mode of action of insulin various formulations of insulin have been developed that have different onset of action, peak effect and duration of action according to the needs of the patients

RAPD AND SSR BASED GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF ELITE-2 SET OF SYNTHETIC HEXAPLOID WHEATS

Background: Synthetic hexaploid wheats are artificially reconstituted hexaploid wheats that possess high genetic variation which could be utilized for the development of new improved wheat varieties. One such group of synthetic wheats is called the Elite-II set of synthetic wheats that are derived from crossing durum wheat with different Aegilops tauschii wheats. Materials and Methods: In the current study genetic diversity was investigated among 18 Elite-II synthetic hexaploid wheat lines at DNA level. Two types of molecular markers i.e. RAPD and SSR were used for this purpose. Results: Both types of markers proved useful in estimating the overall genetic diversity among these lines. Based on RAPD data range of genetic distances in these lines was from 0 to 100 percent. Seven D- genome specific SSRs were also used to get further estimation of the genetic diversity contributed by Aegilops tauschii parent. On the basis of results obtained it is inferred that the Aegilops tauschi accessions used in the production of these synthetic lines were genetically different and they contributed to the enhancement of genetic variation in the synthetic lines. These results could be helpful for future genome mapping programs. Conclusion: The overall extensive genitive diversity indicates that these lines are good candidates for development of improved wheat varieties by crossing with cultivated wheat varieties

Diurnal Variation of Air Quality Parameters- PM2.5 and PM10 During and Post Pandemic Period in Delhi, India

Particulate matter in the air is the contamination, considered dangerous to human health. Particulate Matter includes a mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the environment. Its tiny size allows the particles to enter the circulation system through breath and travel all through the body, causing asthma and heart illness. Coronavirus has been pronounced as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by WHO on 30th January 2020. The current examination aims to compare air quality (with respect to PM2.5 and PM10) at pre-selected locations during and post COVID- 19 phase. To lead this investigation the monitoring station for air quality measuring chose is close to Hauz Khas metro station, Delhi. Complete 4 locations are chosen around CPCB Air pollution monitoring station, Hauz Khas. PM testing has been accomplished for nonstop 12 days. The monitoring time considered is from 10 am to 6 pm (8 hours). The dataset of the period (March and April of 2020) of the lockdown stage is gathered from CPCB and compared with the dataset of a similar time span (March and April 2021) utilizing Origin software programming. The contamination level increased after the lockdown stage as per the present study and improvement in air quality couldn't keep going long after the returning of businesses and vehicular exercises as per this examination

Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis: Two Year Experience at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Northern India and Review of Literature

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the present trend of osteo-articular tuberculosis at a teaching hospital in North India.Methods: All the cases of skeletal tuberculosis that were diagnosed and managed either on outdoor or in-hospital stay basis over a period of two years were evaluated with respect to age, gender, anatomical location of lesion, laboratory parameters (ESR, Mantoux test, HIV screening), concomitant skeletaltuberculous lesions, associated pulmonary tuberculosis, and other associated clinical features.Results: A total of 84 skeletal tuberculous lesions in 80 patients were enrolled for the study. The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 70 years with a mean of 29.1±19.1 years. 55% patients were in second and third decade of life and 63.7% were males. ESR was elevated in 61.25% and 56.25% tested positive forMantoux skin test. 21.25% patients had associated active or healed focus of tuberculosis in the lungs. Spine was the most common site involved (58.75%) followed by hip (13.1%), knee (8.3%), foot (4.7%) and shoulder joint (3.5%). Lumbar spine was the most common site affected in the spine followed by lowerdorsal spine. 3.75% cases had multifocal skeletal tuberculous lesions.Conclusion: Prevalence of osteo-articular tuberculosis continues to be high in North India with the disease predominantly affecting young population. Spine is the most common site for skeletal tuberculosis followed by hip, knee, foot and shoulder. Lumbar region followed by lower dorsal spine is much more affected.Multifocal skeletal lesions incidence is lower than expected. And one-fifth of the patients have associated pulmonary tubercular lesion

Suprapatellar versus infrapatellar approach for intramedullary nailing in tibial shaft fractures

Background: Tibial shaft fractures accounts about 2% of all adult fractures and it is a common traumatic injury caused by high-energy trauma. The intra-medullary nail fixation either by Suprapatellar approach or Infrapatellar approach has been reported to be a successful surgical procedure for the treatment of proximal tibia fractures. Aim was to compare the clinical and functional outcomes of tibial shaft fractures treated with IMN using the suprapatellar and infrapatellar methods. Methods: The present prospective comparative study was conducted to compare the clinical and functional outcomes of tibial shaft fractures managed by Suprapatellar or Infrapatellar intramedullary nailing technique. This study was conducted in the Post Graduate Department of Orthopedics in SKIMS, MCH Bemina, Srinagar for a period of 02 years from May, 2020 to May, 2022. A total of 40 patients with tibial shaft fracture were included in the study. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS Inc., v.16). Results: It was observed that the majority of the participants (37.5%) were in 31-40 year’s age group, there were male predominance with the male to female ratio 2.33:1. In SP technique excellent results were observed in 80% of the study subjects whereas in IP technique, 70% patients had excellent results. Conclusions: It is concluded that SP technique shows better results as compared to IP technique in the management of tibial shaft fracture

Antibacterial activity of honey in north-west Pakistan against select human pathogens

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the antimicrobial activity of commercially available honey and raw honey samples in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, against pathogenic bacterial strains.MethodsWell diffusion assays were performed to screen pure and diluted honey samples for antibacterial activity against six Gram-negative and six Gram-positive bacterial strains. Zones of inhibition were measured and compared with 10 mg Gentamycin.RESULTSWhen honey samples were diluted to 20%-70%, the honey samples showed no activity to mild antibacterial activity. The highest antibacterial activity was recorded when 90% and pure undiluted honey samples were tested and compared with a control Gentamycin disc (10 mg).ConclusionCommercially processed honey and raw honey samples from north-west of Pakistan possess good antimicrobial potential

Evaluación de concentraciones de macrominerales en sangre de vacas Desi lactantes y secas

Objective. This study was conducted during winter season at rural livestock farm of district Sargodha, Pakistan, in order to define the macrominerals status in blood plasma of lactating and dry Desi breed cows. Material and methods. Twenty lactating and twenty dry cows were used and their blood plasma was analyzed for Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu and Fe using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results. In lactating cows, the plasma Ca concentration was lower than dry cows (6.8 vs. 7.6 mg/dl, p<0.001), while Mg concentration was similar between lactating and dry cows. Plasma Zn concentration in lactating cows was higher than dry cows (0.78 vs. 0.60mg/l, p<0.01) and it resulted lower than the normal range in both groups. Plasma Cu level in lactating cows was lower than dry cows (0.56 vs. 0.76 mg/L, p<0.001) and it was lower than the normal range only in lactating cows. Lactating cows resulted in higher plasma Fe concentration compared to dry cows (3.8 versus 2.6 mg/L; p<0.01). Conclusions. From our findings, it can be concluded that the observed minerals level meets the needs of ruminants and the plasma level of different minerals is affected by the physiological stages of cows.201

Bioconcentration of some macrominerals in soil, forage and buffalo hair continuum: A case study on pasture irrigated with sewage water

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of some macrominerals in grazing buffaloes fed forage irrigated with sewage water or canal water. In particular, the transfer of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) from soil to plant and in turn to animals was evaluated under sub-tropical environmental conditions. Samples of soil, forage and buffalo hair were collected and digested by wet method. Sodium and K concentrations were significantly higher in the soil but lower in the forages; however, Mg and Ca concentrations in both soil and forages were higher. The correlation between soil, forage and hair showed an imbalanced flow of Na, Mg and K and a balanced flow of Ca from soil to forage and then to animals. Based on the findings, the highest rates of transfer of minerals were found for sewage water treatment, whereas lowest rates were found for canal water treatment, except for Na. As the transfer of minerals depends on their bioavailability, the highest values may be due to the high rates of mineral uptake by plants. Thus, the high transfer rate of some elements by plants could become toxic in future causing detrimental effect to grazing livestock

Potential of sewage irrigation for heavy metal contamination in soil–wheat grain system: ecological risk and environmental fate

Anthropogenic activities are major cause of environmental pollution with significant risks for human health that can lead to excessive pollutant entry into the terrestrial ecosystem. The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of bioaccumulation of carcinogenic metals (Cd, Ni, Co, Cr), and mineral elements (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) in the wheat irrigated with sewage water and different environmental traits (bio-concentration factor, pollution load index, daily intake of metals, health risk index) were compared to understand the ultimate sink of these toxic metals. The Cd was in range of 2.89–3.04 mg/kg in soil. The Fe and Mn were in range of 2.87–4.16 and 1.54–1.66 mg/kg, while Zn varies from 0.18 to 1.21 mg/kg, respectively. Grain exhibit higher concentration (3.31 mg/kg) of Zn while lowest (1.02 mg/kg) of Ni. Bio-concentration factor (BCF) values of Cd, Ni, Fe and Mn being less than 1.0 indicates lower Ni, Cd, Fe and Mn concentration in grains. BCF varies from 0.46 to 0.80 mg/kg for Cd, 0.31 to 0.41 mg/kg for Ni, 0.29 to 0.44 mg/kg for Fe and 0.15 to 0.73 mg/kg for Mn. Pollution load index (PLI) of Zn and Cd was lowest and highest among the evaluated trace metals, respectively. Health risk index was highest for Zn and Cd while it was < 1 for all other metals that showed no danger to human health. Enrichment factor (EF) of Zn was highest followed by Cd while found lowest in Mn. To minimize the health risks in humans, regular monitoring of wheat crop irrigated with wastewater is highly recommended.Universidade de Vigo/CISU

Assessment of Available Manganese in Milk by Using fodders Grown in Long-Term Wastewater Irrigated Soil

Heavy metals are considered as most important contaminations due to industrialization of countries and an influence on its existence in soil, plant and milk. A study was carried out to check manganese content in soil, forage and milk at three sites of city Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan. All samples (milk, soil, water, fodder plants and ground water) were analyzed for manganese by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Different health indices were also studied to check Mn flow in food chain. Level of Mn in samples was found within acceptable limits. Manganese level was higher in soil samples collected from Site-III than other sites. Manganese showed higher value (2.595 to 10.402 mg/kg) in soil than other samples. Fodders were found to accumulate manganese from 0.008 to 0.022 mg/kg. Manganese concentration was found to be 0.1482 to 1.241 mg/L, 0.164 to 0.9708 mg/L in water and milk, respectively. BCF and PLI values for manganese were also found to be less than 1. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and THQ of manganese are found within permissible limits in milk of cows feeding on fodders irrigated with wastewater and ground water. So, use of wastewater for irrigation purpose should be properly checked due to possible toxic effects