Left Atrium of the Mature Dromedary Camel Heart (Camelus dromedaries): Microanatomy

The current work was carried out on the left atrium of ten healthy mature camels. The specimens were collected and examined histologically after being fixed in 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin. The atrium was processed till paraffin sections obtained and stained. Microscopically, the left atrium is consisted of three major tunics; the internal endocardium, the middle myocardium, and the external epicardium. The endocardium is the inner layer of the atrial wall and consisting of the endothelial layer of simple squamous epithelium that lining the atrium, subendothelial layer of loose connective tissue supporting the endothelium and the subendocardial layer that connecting the endocardium with the myocardium. Myocardium is the middle layer of the atrium, forming the main mass of the atrial wall. It is sandwiched between an outer epicardium, that covers the atrium, and an inner endocardium, that lines the atrial chamber. It is mainly formed from bundles of the contractile cardiac myocytes; myocardiocytes that arranged in strands or branching columns. The left atrium is externally covered with the epicardium that is relatively thin in comparison with the myocardium and consisting of a subepicardial layer of highly vascularized loose connective tissue and the mesothelium of simple squamous epithelium

Determinants of academic stress and stress-related selfmedication practice among undergraduate male pharmacy and medical students of a tertiary educational institution in Saudi Arabia

Purpose: To identify factors that promote academic stress and stress-related self-medication practice among undergraduate male students of pharmacy and medical colleges at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate students of pharmacy and medical colleges of the university. The study used Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) to document academic stress. The responses of the students were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: As many as 51.6 % of students’ perceived moderate stress. The majority of students (55.9 %) highlighted examination as a stressor followed by course load (43.2 %) and cGPA (40.4 %). Prevalence of self-medication was 31.58 and 29.20 % among pharmacy and medical students, respectively. Most of the students consumed caffeine (63.8 %) and nicotine (17.8 %) as a drug. Students blamed heavy course load (23.9 %), followed by assignment load (23 %) and examination (21.1 %) for indulging in self-medication. Conclusion: Academic stress in undergraduate students in health disciplines is perceived to be high by the students. Examinations, course load and lack of time for leisure are major determinants of stress. Caffeine and nicotine are most frequently used by a majority of the students for self-medication. Keywords: Stress, Self-medication, Stressor, Caffeine, Nicotine, Student

Organizational Politics, Psychological Empowerment And Organizational Commitment: Empirical Evidence From Pakistan

Despite its ubiquity in organizations, organizational politics may be viewed negatively by managers. When managers empower employees, the effect of organizational politics may be moderated. This study of Pakistani managers (n=357) demonstrates that organizational politics changes from having a negative effect on employee commitment to a strong positive effect when employees perceive psychological empowerment. The study also validates the use of existing measurement scales in non-Western cultures

Fund Family Selectivity Skills and Market Timing Ability: Comparison Study

This study aims to examine fund family performance, in terms of selectivity skills and marketing timing ability, in Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Pakistan in 2007–2021. The sample is divided into three levels. First, analysis of the whole sample. Second, analysis by country. Third, analysis of Islamic- and conventional-focused families. The main results are: First, the fund family provides numerous advantages and facilities to managers, for instance diversification opportunities and market research, allowing them to select stocks well. However, their timing ability is still poor. Second, Saudi Arabia has the best performance while Pakistan has the worst performance. Third, as a novel contribution, there are difference in skills and ability between Islamic and conventional family managers due to their difference in main objectives. The findings are important for managers and investors. Managers can position themselves better relative to their competitors, while investors can more effectively allocate their resources to funds that are managed well by fund families

Merapah Akuntansi Hijau Dalam Harmoni Pemikiran Perintis (Ala “Prilly Latuconsina”) dan Industri Pusaka Lingkungan Jember menuju Green City

Sustainable environment is a primary focus in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in urban development and addressing climate change. The green economy is an approach that considers environmental and sustainability aspects in measuring and reporting the economy of a region or organization. This study employs a qualitative approach to describe green accounting and the environmental industry, comparing observed phenomena with existing theories. The analysis indicates that the Jember District Government actively promotes the green economy through local community and business engagement. Initiatives such as Pusaka Lingkungan and Jember Fashion Carnaval serve as platforms to implement strategies for establishing a green economy, encompassing the greening of economic development structures and processes; fiscal and monetary policies; financial markets; industries, businesses, and corporations; as well as education, mass media, and public involvement. The Jember District Government should maximize adherence to central government directives to support national efforts in the green economy for a comprehensive implementation of the national green economy strategy

The Effect of System Quality and User Quality of Information Technology on Internal Audit Effectiveness in Jordan, And the Moderating Effect of Management Support

The goal of this study is to ascertain the moderating role that management support has in internal audit effectiveness in Jordan, as well as the impact of system quality and user quality of information technology. There were 172 responders in all, and they were split across Jordanian auditors. In the data analysis process, the quantitative analysis test— which consists of the validity test, reliability test, test of conventional assumptions, and hypothesis test—is applied. Information technology system and user quality are independent variables in this study. The dependent variable in this study is internal audit effectiveness, and the moderating variable is management support. The results of this study show that the effectiveness of internal audits is significantly impacted by the system quality and user quality of information technology. Additionally, with Management support acting as a moderating factor, the link between System quality and Audit effectiveness improves. The findings also indicate that when moderating variables are present, the connection between User quality and Audit effectiveness changes from positive to negative. Future research might look at risk management

Policy Advocacy Training for Women Victims of Violence in Maros Regency

Cases of violence against women in Maros Regency are quite high. For example, in 2016, according to Department of Women Empowerment and Child Protection (DP3A) data, there were 68 cases and 21 police data cases. Likewise, divorce data in the Religious Courts are more caused by domestic violence. Of course, this social problem must be immediately addressed through local government policies. However, in fact, no policy specifically regulates the handling of this problem. Therefore, community service in the form of policy advocacy training for village women victims of violence needs to be carried out. This advocacy training was attended by 25 participants from various villages. Participants were provided with policy advocacy materials covering (1) government policies and programs on the protection of women; (2) the concept and practice of policy advocacy; (3) issues of violence and protection of women; (4) technical public speaking and lobby strategy, and (5) public opinion and press release materials. The results of the training evaluation resulted in an increase in knowledge and skills for participants after following the entire set of materials provided. Recommendations for activities are suggested to immediately take more concrete action in the form of policy advocacy to encourage the issuance of the Regional Regulation (Perda) of Maros Regency concerning Protection of Women from Violenc

The 8Li Calibration Source for the Sudbury Neutrino Obervatory

A calibration source employing 8Li (t_1/2 = 0.838s) has been developed for use with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). This source creates a spectrum of beta particles with an energy range similar to that of the SNO 8B solar neutrino signal. The source is used to test the SNO detector's energy response, position reconstruction and data reduction algorithms. The 8Li isotope is created using a deuterium-tritium neutron generator in conjunction with a 11B target, and is carried to a decay chamber using a gas/aerosol transport system. The decay chamber detects prompt alpha particles by gas scintillation in coincidence with the beta particles which exit through a thin stainless steel wall. A description is given of the production, transport, and tagging techniques along with a discussion of the performance and application of the source.Comment: 11 pages plus 9 figures, Sumbitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods

Perceptions and Attitudes of Medical Sales Representatives (MSRs) and Prescribers Regarding Pharmaceutical Sales Promotion and Prescribing Practices in Pakistan

Pakistan is the 6th most populous country in the world and has an enormous potential for an ever increasing drug market. The health care system is highly prone to unethical drug prescribing practices. In addition, there is a huge tendency of pharmaceutical firms to indulge in unethical drug promotional practices by means of inducements and other benefits through their medical sales representatives (MSRs). On the other hand, the prescribers are also reported to be demanding inducements from these companies in return to write higher number of prescription. This study investigated the ground realities of drug promotion and prescribing practices in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for a period of 8 months in which 472 physicians and 609 medical sales representatives of Pakistan selected through prospective sampling were interviewed on a validated, structured questionnaire. The responses of the target groups were then analyzed for association between variables by Chi–square test (p<0.05) and cross tabulation through SPSS, version 20. Results: Majority of practitioners (83.2%) expected both, good communication skills and knowledge from MSRs and at the same time nearly half (53%) of prescribers demanded CME and almost a third proportion (36%) demanded gifts, incentives and inducements from MSRs. Replying to same question, MSRs disagreed with prescribers and believed that around (~70%) of prescribers ask for inducements with a high percentage i.e. (~64%) among them demanding unethical inducements like excessive free samples, gifts, leisure trips and cars. Majority of physicians (92%) have consensus that the multinational pharmaceutical firms have defined promotional practices while the national pharmaceutical companies (~73%) are mainly involved in unethical practices of drug marketing. Conclusion: Majority of national pharmaceuticals as well as prescribers were involved in unethical drug promotion and prescribing respectively. There is a need of curbing the unethical drug promotion and prescribing and formidable policies governing this issue are required to be implemented by the concerned regulatory authorities to avoid unnecessary harm to the patient’s life and pocket. Strength and weakness of study: The study explored the drug promotion and prescribing practices for the first time in a developing country however, due to sensitivity of the topic a number of respondents hesitated to participate