Book Review of \u3ci\u3e A Green and Permanent Land: Ecology and Agriculture in the Twentieth Century\u3c/i\u3e by Randal S. Beeman and James A. Pritchard

Concentrating on the ideological underpinnings of American agriculture, Beeman and Prichard illuminate the 20th-century debate over defining and implementing suitable agricultural practices and policies. Against the backdrop of the Great Depression and World War II, farmers, environmentalists, federal officials, and academics found agriculture influenced by a growing ecological movement. Techniques purporting a better urban-rural balance, soil conservation, and organic fertilization were favored by individuals seeking an alternative to the economic and social despair experienced by Americans during the 1930s and 1940s. The agricultural establishment troika of agribusiness, land-grant universities, and the United States Department of Agriculture eschewed such ideas until the mid 1960s when larger cultural changes made it expedient to co-opt ecological precepts. Unorthodox ideas soon became commonplace on the American landscape of the 1970s and 1980s

Review of \u3ci\u3eBrown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy\u3c/i\u3e By James T. Patterson

Rendered during the postwar consensus period, the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision struck at the core of de jure segregation. Recognizing the American educational system as a great equalizer, Thurgood Marshall and other advocates insisted that the separate but equal doctrine codified by the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case needed to be overturned to ensure opportunities for African Americans. Marshall found an ally in Chief Justice Earl Warren and his supporters on the Supreme Court who based their decision in the Brown case on the social science research of Kenneth and Mamie Clark and Gunnar Myrdal. Their findings suggested that African American children perceived themselves as inferior as a result of attending segregated schools. Integrated schools would provide African American students with the skills and resources necessary to succeed in a pluralist society. Brown elicited a variety of responses as American school districts struggled to implement desegregation plans. Patterson uses an examination of desegregation attempts prior to Brown and a discussion of the impact desegregation had in Charlotte, Denver, and Boston (among other cities) as bookends for his description of the legal wrangling surrounding the 1954 case. The ideas and theories used in the Brown ruling spawned a multiplicity of opinions that would influence desegregation policies throughout subsequent decades and contribute to a revisionist critique of Brown by the 1990s. Rather than concentrating solely on the 1954 case, Patterson highlights several early desegregation attempts at the Universities of Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas before discussing events in Topeka. These references to Great Plains communities allow the reader to perceive segregation as not limited to southern states. Patterson uses the reflections of individuals such as the members of the Carter family of Mississippi to illustrate the abuse African American students faced in integrated settings and their determination to succeed at the secondary and university levels. These personal accounts demonstrate that African Americans held differing interpretations of desegregation. At one end of the continuum, proponents believed that other social, political, and economic restrictions would be lifted as a result of the ruling. Others, like the novelist Zora Neale Hurston, criticized Warren\u27s conclusion that separate but equal educational facilities deprived children of equal opportunities and exacerbated inferiority. Hurston bristled at the assumption that held that African American students were inferior because they attended black-run community schools. The exhaustive nature of this study helps illuminate the conflicting nature of race relations in the late twentieth century

Review of \u3ci\u3eAn Opportunity Lost: The Truman Administration and the Farm Policy Debate\u3c/i\u3e By Virgil W. Dean

America\u27s second agricultural revolution had unintended consequences as a result of postwar prosperity. Virgil Dean offers a clear and straightforward examination of the Truman administration\u27s attempts to devise a new farm policy and situate it within the larger context of the Fair Deal, analyzing the extent to which these attempts often complemented and challenged solutions proposed by Congress and agricultural organizations. Federal officials possessed a limited time frame during the postwar era within which to institute an agricultural program that secured fairer prices for producers, protected natural resources, minimized rural and urban conflict, and avoided the scourge of surpluses. Partisan politics, especially the 1948 presidential campaign, turned a limited opportunity into a lost opportunity for agriculture. The issues informing the debate, Dean asserts, were rooted in the agricultural climate of the 1920s and 1930s. Persistent inelastic demand caused commodity prices to plummet and American farmers to suffer until the Roosevelt administration\u27s New Deal programs offered relief. Bipartisan acceptance of New Deal farm programs indicated a willingness to support, and sometimes demand, federal intervention in agricultural matters. Few politicians questioned the desirability of intervention, or a federal support system, Dean opines; rather, they framed the debate according to the type of governmental action required. The author supports his thesis by delineating how positions correlated along regional and partisan lines. Nowhere was this trend more apparent than in the choice between flexible and high price supports. Truman\u27s adoption of a no compromises stance with regard to congressional initiatives during the 1948 campaign brought these differences into sharp relief. The president\u27s campaign strategy depicted congressional Republicans as unsympathetic to farm concerns and the administration as the protector of agrarian interests. Secretary of Agriculture Charles Brannan further widened the chasm by advocating compensatory payments and direct purchases of agricultural goods. Fears of runaway spending and increased governmental control only alienated the Republican congressional farm bloc, and in 1949, as Dean asserts, all sides had too much at stake politically for a compromise to be consummated

“Food is a powerful tool in the hands of this government”: The Johnson administration and PL 480, 1963–1969

American agricultural surpluses prompted the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration to approve Public Law 480, which provided a mechanism for the dispersal of food products through the use of outright grants or concessional sales to foreign governments. Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson utilized PL 480, now called Food for Peace, as a foreign policy tool as well as a program designed to confer domestic benefits. Johnson expanded the scope of Food for Peace. During the first half of his term, Johnson remained optimistic that PL 480 and the “War on Hunger” could ameliorate world famine. As surplus stocks ran out and population outpaced production, he insisted that recipient countries would need to initiate self-help measures in order to receive aid. The case studies of Vietnam, India, and Israel indicate that the Johnson administration extended PL 480 aid serve the larger foreign policy goal of containment. In all three cases the administration assumed that American assistance would help protect these nations against communist threats in their countries or regions. In negotiating Food for Peace aid, Johnson frequently ascribed greater importance to a country\u27s strategic position than its need for food aid. The studies also demonstrate the interdependent and pluralistic nature of PL 480 assistance. Discussions of aid often involved other related issues such as population control and water resources. Food aid, in addition, enjoyed popularity with political, farm, and religious constituencies. Lobbying Congress in support of a Food for Peace program that donated commodities for relief and dispatched aid workers to famine-stricken countries, these and other groups illustrated the participation of domestic groups in supporting and carrying out American foreign policy. This study offers a new perspective on these connections and tensions between domestic politics and international relations, focusing on food aid

MENDING THE SACRED HOOP: IDENTITY ENACTMENT AND THE OCCUPATION OF WOUNDED KNEE

This account by Oglala holy man Black Elk of the 1890 US cavalry massacre of three hundred Sioux Indians, mainly women and children, helps us understand the rhetorical importance of the American Indian Movement\u27s return to Wounded Knee eighty-three years later. The occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973 by the leaders of the American Indian Movement (AIM) represented a culmination of frustration felt by Native Americans. Magazines as diverse as Time and National Review reported the incident as a staged pseudo-event designed to amplify the oppressor/oppressed relationship. News coverage of Wounded Knee included headlines of mockery: Of Fallen Trees and Wounded Knees, Pain in the Knee, Ambush at Credibility Gap, Not With a Bang, and Bamboozle Me Not at Wounded Knee

Bäckenfraktur i prehospital miljö : Finns det evidens för immobilisering och extern kompression förbäckenfraktur prehospitalt?

Introduktion: Bäckenfrakturer är en av de potentiellt livshotande skadornaprehospitalt som bör identifieras under den primära undersökningen hospatienter med stort trauma. Vid smärtor kring bäcken eller ljumskarimmobilseras bäckenet. Inledningsvis via att benen förs ihop och inåtroteras,ytterligare kan bäckenet komprimeras med tryck genom exempelvis gördel.Dock finns ingen stark evidens gällande att den externa kompressionen harvisat effekt. Syfte: Att undersöka evidensen för effekten avseende immobilisering och externkompression av bäckenfraktur prehospitalt.Metod: Översiktlig litteraturstudie, scooping review, inkluderande 11 artiklardär data inhämtning skett via Cinahl och Pubmed. Resultat: Resultatet pekar på att kompression prehospitalt har mekanisk effektför att distansmässigt reducera bäckenfrakturer. Korttidseffekter så somtransfusionskrav och cirkulatoriskt svar visar igen evidens, likaså effekter överlång tid som mortalitet och sjukhusdagar. Biverkningar i form av hudskadorkan uppkomma i liten omfattning från behandlingen. Konklusion: Förutom att immobilisering och extern kompression distansmässigt reducerar bäckenfrakturer är evidensen för åtgärden prehospitaltbegränsad. Inga direkta slutsatser kan dras av studiens resultat då vidare ochstörre forskning krävs

A Comparative Study of Traditional Marketing and Doing More with Less : The Case of Four Swedish Firms

Background Marketing spending has grown dramatically over the last decade but the traditional market-ing strategies such as advertising in TV, on billboards and posters might not be as effective as they used to be. The phenomena, how to work with marketing with the use of limited capital, has attracted attention in different contexts lately. It may sound hopeless to reach all the way through by the use of limited capital but it although exist examples of compa-nies that have succeeded with this; they are doing more with less. Purpose The main purpose of this thesis is to examine how firms, by the use of no or limited finan-cial resources, could market themselves successfully and how such a marketing process look like. The other purpose is to identify or map out the difference among traditional marketing and doing more with less. Method With a more inductive research approach and a qualitative research method the data was collected for this thesis. Four companies were carefully selected and interviewed over the phone. The chosen respondents are; Tomas Gustafsson representing Brämhults, Per Holk-nekt at Odd Molly, Jan Gustafsson at Saltå Kvarn and Hanna Lundgren at WeSC. Conclusion We have concluded that many strategies can be successful in doing more with less. The strategies found in this study are; Public Relations, Brand Management, Packaging, Product Placement, Event Marketing and Unique Selling Propositions. A coherent pattern or proc-ess could not be identified but it exist similarities in the way that companies make use of marketing strategies concerning doing more with less. Moreover we came up with the con-clusion that the difference between traditional marketing and the strategies identified as do-ing more with less, besides the obvious cost aspect, is the connection that they are often presented in a way which is not as easy for the potential consumer to perceive as commer-cial

Bäckenfraktur i prehospital miljö : Finns det evidens för immobilisering och extern kompression förbäckenfraktur prehospitalt?

Introduktion: Bäckenfrakturer är en av de potentiellt livshotande skadornaprehospitalt som bör identifieras under den primära undersökningen hospatienter med stort trauma. Vid smärtor kring bäcken eller ljumskarimmobilseras bäckenet. Inledningsvis via att benen förs ihop och inåtroteras,ytterligare kan bäckenet komprimeras med tryck genom exempelvis gördel.Dock finns ingen stark evidens gällande att den externa kompressionen harvisat effekt. Syfte: Att undersöka evidensen för effekten avseende immobilisering och externkompression av bäckenfraktur prehospitalt.Metod: Översiktlig litteraturstudie, scooping review, inkluderande 11 artiklardär data inhämtning skett via Cinahl och Pubmed. Resultat: Resultatet pekar på att kompression prehospitalt har mekanisk effektför att distansmässigt reducera bäckenfrakturer. Korttidseffekter så somtransfusionskrav och cirkulatoriskt svar visar igen evidens, likaså effekter överlång tid som mortalitet och sjukhusdagar. Biverkningar i form av hudskadorkan uppkomma i liten omfattning från behandlingen. Konklusion: Förutom att immobilisering och extern kompression distansmässigt reducerar bäckenfrakturer är evidensen för åtgärden prehospitaltbegränsad. Inga direkta slutsatser kan dras av studiens resultat då vidare ochstörre forskning krävs

Rural Tourism and Poverty Reduction. A Case Study of the Rural Population's Livelihoods in San Pedro de Colalao, Argentina

The aim of this study was to analyse rural tourism as a tool for poverty reduction, by examining the role of the regulatory framework, including the public and the private sector; and how the participation in rural tourism activities shapes people’s livelihood outcomes in San Pedro de Colalao, Argentina. A case study was carried out, which sought to gain an in-depth understanding about people’s livelihoods, through the lens of the sustainable livelihoods framework. Mainly qualitative interviews were therefore conducted with rural dwellers involved in tourism related activities, between November and December 2018. The provincial government proved to take on an important role in increasing people’s human capital to generate employment opportunities, which have led to an additional income and therewith contribute to poverty reduction. However, the sustainability of such is debated, as these seem to be vulnerable to external threats. Additionally, a deficit involvement of the local government in providing infrastructure and protective measures, seems to have led to negative livelihood outcomes, including a restricted access to water and land.Turismo Rural y Reducción de Pobreza: Un Estudio de Caso de los Medios de Vida de la Población Rural en San Pedro de Colalao, Argentina El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el turismo rural como una herramienta para la reducción de la pobreza, examinando el rol del marco regulatorio, incluyendo los sectores público y privado. Así mismo el estudio exploró cómo la participación de pobladores rurales en actividades de turismo rural determina los medios de vida de las personas en San Pedro de Colalao, Argentina. Para desarrollar este objetivo, se llevó a cabo un estudio de caso, con el cual se buscaba obtener una comprensión profunda de los medios de vida de las personas, a través del marco de medios de vida sostenibles. Así, se llevaron a cabo principalmente entrevistas cualitativas con pobladores rurales involucrados en actividades relacionadas con el turismo, entre noviembre y diciembre del 2018. Uno de los hallazgos importantes fue que el gobierno provincial demostró desempeñar un rol importante en el aumento del capital humano de las personas, para generar oportunidades de empleo, lo que ha dado lugar a un ingreso adicional y con ello contribuye a la reducción de la pobreza. Sin embargo, la sostenibilidad de estas oportunidades es debatible ya que estas son vulnerables a amenazas externas. Además, el déficit de la participación del gobierno local en el suministro de infraestructura y medidas de protección, ha dado lugar a resultados negativos en los medios de vida, incluyendo el acceso restringido al agua y a la tierra. Palabras clave: turismo rural; marco de medios de vida sostenibles; diversificación de medios de vida; reducción de pobreza; estudio de caso; desarrollo rural; San Pedro de Colalao; Argentin

Commercial Real Estate : Different aspects of rent setting

Background The Swedish economy is currently in a boom and due to the fact that the commercial rental market is closely correlated with the development in the Swedish economy and its economic indicators, commercial real estate companies are successful. Commercial real estate companies generate their main revenue out of rents from their tenants, therefore the set-ting of rent and the factors affecting the procedure are of great importance. The report will not only examine the commercial rental market but also the composition of the lease con-tracts, factors affecting the rent setting and risks associated with commercial leases. Purpose To analyze the commercial rental market comprising of several different lease contracts. The focus will be to analyze the setting of rents and the factors affecting the procedure. Method A deductive approach and a qualitative research method is used in order to get reliable and valid data to be able to fulfill our purpose. The data is collected from interviews done with three different real estate companies, situated in Stockholm and Gothenburg. The sample include Håkan Hellström representing Castellum, Lovisa Lindberg representing Landic Property and Roddy Carlsson representing Vasakronan. Conclusion As could be expected, the commercial rental market is closely correlated with supply and demand in the Swedish economy. Currently, demand is increasing due to a growing employment rate and a strong GDP growth. Market rents are increasing, since the demand is continuing to accelerate and vacancy rates are falling. The vacancy rates are currently below the natural level since rents are increasing in both Stockholm and Gothenburg. It is shown that the vacancy level is lower in Gothenburg compared to Stockholm. Location is the most important factor affecting the setting of rents apart from supply and demand. Rent for office space is highest in the cities’ Central Business District. Additional factors are attributes that make the premises more attractive and client care that enables for satisfied tenants and long lasting tenant relationships.Bakgrund Den svenska ekonomin är idag i en högkonjunktur och på grund av att den kommersiella hyresmarkanden är starkt korrelerad med utvecklingen i den svenska ekonomin och dess ekonomiska indikatorer, är kommersiella fastighetsbolag framgångsrika. Kommersiella fastighetsbolags intäkter består till största del av hyror från deras hyresgäster. Därför är hyres-sättningen och dess påverkande faktorer av stor vikt. Rapporten kommer inte enbart undersöka den kommersiella hyresmarkanden, utan även komponenter i kommersiella hyreskontrakt, faktorer som påverkar hyressättning och risker associerade med kommersiella hyreskontrakt. Syfte Att analysera den kommersiella hyresmarknaden bestående av flera hyreskontrakt, med fokusering på hyressättning och dess påverkande faktorer. Metod För att kunna uppfylla vårt syfte och för att få så tillförlitlig och giltig information som möjligt används ett deduktivt synsätt och en kvalitativ forsknings metod. Informationen tillförskaffas genom intervjuer med tre fastighetsbolag, i Stockholm och Göteborg. Urvalet består av Håkan Hellström som representerar Castellum, Lovisa Lindberg som representerar Landic Property and Roddy Carlsson som representerar Vasakronan. Slutsats Den kommersiella hyresmarknaden är som väntat, starkt korrelerad med den svenska ekonomins utbud och efterfrågan. Efterfrågan ökar idag på grund av en ökad sysselsättningsgrad och en stark tillväxt av BNP. Marknadshyrorna stiger eftersom efterfrågan ökar och vakansgraden minskar. Vakanserna är i nuläget lägre än normalt eftersom hyresnivåerna ökar i både Stockholm och Göteborg. Det visade sig att vakansgraden är lägre i Göteborg jämfört med Stockholm. Hyressättningens viktigaste faktor som påverkar hyresnivån förutom utbud och efterfrågan, är läge. Hyran för kontorslokaler är som högst i städernas Central Business District. Hyressättningen påverkas av ytterligare faktorer som gör kontorslokalen mer attraktiv och kundvård som möjliggör långa kund relationer med nöjda kunder