Protein evolution speed depends on its stability and abundance and on chaperone concentrations.

Proteins evolve at different rates. What drives the speed of protein sequence changes? Two main factors are a protein's folding stability and aggregation propensity. By combining the hydrophobic-polar (HP) model with the Zwanzig-Szabo-Bagchi rate theory, we find that: (i) Adaptation is strongly accelerated by selection pressure, explaining the broad variation from days to thousands of years over which organisms adapt to new environments. (ii) The proteins that adapt fastest are those that are not very stably folded, because their fitness landscapes are steepest. And because heating destabilizes folded proteins, we predict that cells should adapt faster when put into warmer rather than cooler environments. (iii) Increasing protein abundance slows down evolution (the substitution rate of the sequence) because a typical protein is not perfectly fit, so increasing its number of copies reduces the cell's fitness. (iv) However, chaperones can mitigate this abundance effect and accelerate evolution (also called evolutionary capacitance) by effectively enhancing protein stability. This model explains key observations about protein evolution rates

Nuclear Structure Functions at Low-xx in a Holographic Approach

Nuclear effects in deep inelastic scattering at low$-x$ are phenomenologically described changing the typical dynamical and/or kinematical scales characterizing the free nucleon case. In a holographic approach, this rescaling is an analytical property of the computed structure function $F_2(x,Q^2)$. This function is given by the sum of a conformal term and of a contribution due to quark confinement, depending on IR hard-wall parameter $z_0$ and on the mean square distances, related to a parameter $Q^\prime$, among quarks and gluons in the target. The holographic structure function per nucleon in a nucleus $A$ is evaluated showing that a rescaling of the typical nucleon size, $z_0$ and $Q^\prime$, due to nuclear binding, can be reabsorbed in a $Q^2$-rescaling scheme. The difference between neutron and proton structure functions and the effects of the longitudinal structure functions can also be taken into account. The obtained theoretical results favourably compare with the experimental data.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figure

Transplanted Traditions: An Assessment of Welsh Lore and Language in Argentina

For more than a hundred years, Welsh language and culture have survived in the Chubut province of Patagonia, Argentina. While the various stages of Welsh settlement have been well recorded in English, Welsh and Spanish, little or no research has been published concerning the folklore of the pioneers\u27 descendants who have clung to their Welsh heritage while unreservedly accepting an Argentine identity. During May and June of 1999, I spent five weeks immersed in the Welsh communities in order to test my hypothesis of survivals and/or marginal survivals of Welsh folklore. However, traditional Welsh elements are waning as active-bearers age and the Welsh language becomes a standardized optional second language. Exclusively Welsh texts have largely expired as their social function becomes redundant, an indication of acculturation and a predominantly Argentine worldview. Thus, although I had gone in search of survivals of nineteenth-century transplanted Welsh traditions, I found instead Welsh culture in an advanced stage of disintegration, superseded by the culture of a synthesized Patagonian society. Drawing on examples in this initial collection, in this paper I shall demonstrate the nature and function of survivals and the multiformity and fluidity of folklore by means of an assessment and analysis of the current state of transplanted traditions in Y Wladfa Gymreig (The Welsh Colony)

Dialogic Communication Through “Pinning”: An Analysis of Top 10 Most-Followed Organizations’ Pinterest Profiles

Few academic studies have examined how Pinterest can be best used to connect, engage, and build relationships with target publics. The current study aims to explore how most followed brands on Pinterest build relationships through the dialogical communication framework. Broadly, through the two research questions advanced, the study contributes to the stream of research that explores the dialogic features present on social media sites. A content analysis of organizations’ Pinterest profile pages and individual pins was conducted to determine the extent to which dialogic principles were present as an attempt to build relationships with their publics. The findings indicate social media do have the potential to foster relationships with organizational publics. More specifically, the study identifies Pinterest as an up-and-coming social media tool with which practitioners can utilize to cultivate relationships among their publics in a visually stimulating way. The current study can offer guidelines to those organizations that want to utilize Pinterest to better foster their relationship with target audiences, filling a gap of literature that is needed to bridge the gap between academic literature and the public relations practice

Tracciamento di particelle con filtro di Kalman

Un problema fondamentale nello studio delle particelle elementari è disporre di misure più accurate possibile delle traiettorie che queste seguono all'interno dei rivelatori. La precisione di misura dei parametri di traccia è importante per poter descrivere accuratamente gli eventi e le interazioni che avvengono all'interno dei rivelatori. LHCb è un esempio di esperimento progettato con lo scopo di ottenere misure di precisione dei parametri della cinematica delle particelle per poter studiare la violazione delle simmetrie. Rivelatori come quello dell'esperimento LHCb utilizzano avanzate tecniche di tracciamento per individuare le traiettorie. Queste sono influenzate da fattori di rumore dovuti all'interazione tra le particelle e il materiale del rivelatore stesso. Nell'analisi delle misure effettuate quindi occorre tenere conto che sia la sensibilità del rivelatore che i fattori di rumore contribuiscono nella determinazione dell'incertezza sulla misura. Uno strumento matematico usato per ottenere precise stime dei parametri di traccia è il filtro di Kalman, che implementato su un campione di misure di una determinata grandezza, consente di minimizzare gli effetti dovuti a rumori statistici. In questo lavoro di tesi sono stati studiati la struttura e il funzionamento del rivelatore dell'esperimento LHCb e dei sistemi di tracciamento che lo caratterizzano e che ne costituiranno il futuro aggiornamento. Inoltre è stata analizzata l'azione del filtro di Kalman, implementandolo in una simulazione di tracciamento al calcolatore

Inferring a network from dynamical signals at its nodes

We give an approximate solution to the difficult inverse problem of inferring the topology of an unknown network from given time-dependent signals at the nodes. For example, we measure signals from individual neurons in the brain, and infer how they are inter-connected. We use Maximum Caliber as an inference principle. The combinatorial challenge of high-dimensional data is handled using two different approximations to the pairwise couplings. We show two proofs of principle: in a nonlinear genetic toggle switch circuit, and in a toy neural network

Locally advanced basosquamous carcinoma: Our experience with sonidegib

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NO Abatement using Microwave Micro Plasma Generated using Granular Activated Carbon

Abatement of NO using microwave micro-plasma is presented in this paper. The micro-plasma is generated using granular activated carbon (GAC) particles of size (size 2-3mm) in loosely fluidised bed in microwave filed operated at 2.45GHz. A single mode microwave cavity reactor (SMMCR) was constructed and microwave was injected through another slotted waveguide in a sandwiched manner. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to investigate the microwave electric field and the power density within the SMMCR. Gas mixture of air and 500 ppm NO (in N2) at the flow rate of 2 l/min was passed through a quartz tube centered within SMMCR while the supplied microwave power was very low 10-80 W and NO reduction was greater than 98%. The mass of GAC used for generating the plasma was 5g. When air is mixed with NO (in N2), the efficiency of NOx reduction achieved vary greatly with respect to the supplied microwave energy and behavior has become complex and is not predictable. The gas analyzer (testo 350) was used to measure the gas (NO, NO2, CO and O2) concentration and temperature