Das Spiel und seine Anwendung im Deutsch als Fremdsprache-Unterricht

In dieser Arbeit habe ich mich anhand der mir zugänglichen Fachliteratur mit dem Spiel im Deutsch als Fremdsprache-Unterricht beschäftigt. Diese Arbeit sollte in erster Linie bestimmen, wie weit das Spiel im Deutsch als Fremdsprache-Unterricht Anwendung findet und seine dortige Rolle hervorheben. Das Spiel im Fremdsprachenunterricht einzusetzen, ermöglicht den Schülern, die Sprache mit Freude zu erlernen und führt zu einem besseren Lernerfolg. Spiele beeinflussen das Verhalten und die Einstellung auch in außerunterrichtlichen Situationen. Daraus kann der Schluss gezogen werden, dass Spiele helfen, die außerunterrichtliche Realität zu verarbeiten und auf sie vorzubereiten. Es soll auch betont werden, dass nicht immer gespielt werden kann. Das Spiel kann den Unterricht bereichern, nicht jedoch ersetzen. Spielerische Aktivitäten können einen regulären Lehrbuchlehrgang auf keinen Fall ganz ablösen. Die befragten Lehrer wiesen auf einen wichtigen Aspekt hin, nämlich dass die Spiele im Unterricht nicht als etwas Besonderes herausgestellt werden dürfen. Die spielerischen Aktivitäten sollten stattdessen als selbstverständlicher Baustein des Unterrichts im Unterrichtsgeschehen immer wiederkehren. Ich will mit dieser Arbeit keinesfalls zeigen, dass Unterricht nur durch den Einsatz von Spielen abgehalten werden soll, sondern darauf hinweisen, dass es wichtig ist, verschiedene Lehrformen anzubieten. Das Spiel kann dabei helfen, Schule offener und mehr an den Bedürfnissen der Schüler orientiert zu gestalten

Oralność w oryginale i przekładzie portugalskojęzycznej literatury afrykańskiej — przejawy i funkcje

Postcolonial African literatures written in Portuguese build their identity by modifying existing linguistic and literary norms. One of its manifestations is including in writings elements of traditional orality. The orality becomes an indicator of identity, it differentiates literatures of colonies and ex-colonies from the one written in the metropolis, it allows to preserve and transmit popular wisdom and references to traditional forms. Although oral elements are an important part of the original, as they create a separate literary style and genre, they are often neutralized in translation. This unfavourable tendency may be the result of an unawareness regarding the importance of orality, lack of sensitivity and an attempt to adjust the translated text to the norms of the target literature. This work aims to gather and analyse different indicators of orality in African literatures written in Portuguese, to examine if and how they are transmitted in Polish translations. To do so, we follow the division of manifestations of orality elaborated by Walter Ong. The awareness of the role played by orality in the analysed texts and sensitivity to its indicators in the texts will allow translators to more consciously choose the strategies and techniques which enable them to show the original’s diversity to target recipients

Professional burnout of doctors in Poland and in the world. Research review

The work of a doctor is one of the most demanding. It requires not only a great deal of knowledge, but also a lot of commitment, responsibility and often devoting one's private life. It is called a prestigious job for a reason. Unfortunately, it is also very absorbing both mentally and physically. Increasing stress leads to emotional exhaustion, and its consequence may be burnout

Antioxidant and neuroprotective activity of vitamin E homologues : in vitro study

Here we present comparative data on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by a variety of tocochromanols in liposomes. We also show for the first time the potential neuroprotective role of all the vitamin E homologues investigated on the neuronally differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. α-Tocopherol had nearly no effect in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, while β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols inhibited the reaction completely when it was initiated in a lipid phase. Similar effects were observed for tocotrienol homologues. Moreover, in this respect plastochromanol-8 was as effective as β-, γ-, and δ-tocochromanols. When the prenyllipids were investigated in a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test and incorporated into different lipid carriers, the radical oxidation was most pronounced in liposomes, followed by mixed micelles and the micellar system. When the reaction of tocochromanols was examined in niosomes, the oxidation was most pronounced for α-tocopherol and plastochromanol-8, followed by α-tocotrienol. Next, using retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, we tested the protective effects of the compounds investigated on hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced cell damage. We showed that tocotrienols were more active than tocopherols in the oxidative stress model. Plastochromanol-8 had a strong inhibitory effect on H(2)O(2)-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and H(2)O(2)-induced decrease in cell viability. The water-soluble α-tocopherol phosphate had neuroprotective effects at all the concentrations analyzed. The results clearly indicate that structural differences between vitamin E homologues reflect their different biological activity and indicate their potential application in pharmacological treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. In this respect, the application of optimal tocochromanol-carrying structures might be critical

Tocochromanols and fatty acid composition in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) accessions

Flax, Linum usitatissimum, cultivars are grown throughout the world. Flax oil is a dietary source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, as well as phospholipids, sterols, and phenolic acids. Linseed plays a pivotal role in protecting cells from oxidative damage associated diseases, i.e., atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and inflammation. In this study, two groups of L. usitatissimum seeds were used to evaluate and compare the content and composition of tocochromanols (vitamin E) and fatty acids. Group I included accessions originating from Poland and the Ukraine, while Group II encompassed worldwide flax cultivars (such as from the United States, Argentina, and Italy). A comparison of the tocochromanol profiles showed a higher content in Group I, although there were no significant differences in tocopherol content and composition between the genotypes within this group. All accessions in Groups I and II contained γ-tocotrienol and plastochromanol-8, which confirms the high nutritional value of flaxseeds. The composition of fatty acids varied depending on the varieties, with linolenic acid showing the greatest discrepancy. Based on the tocochromanol content and fatty acid composition, we conducted a principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, which revealed a greater similarity among the accessions in Group I. An analysis of the tocochromanol and fatty acid composition of flaxseeds is important from an agronomic and medicinal perspective and can be used to select the most appropriate flax cultivar

An evaluation of oligonucleotide-based therapeutic strategies for polyQ diseases

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense strategies provide experimental therapeutic agents for numerous diseases, including polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders caused by CAG repeat expansion. We compared the potential of different oligonucleotide-based strategies for silencing the genes responsible for several polyQ diseases, including Huntington's disease and two spinocerebellar ataxias, type 1 and type 3. The strategies included nonallele-selective gene silencing, gene replacement, allele-selective SNP targeting and CAG repeat targeting.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using the patient-derived cell culture models of polyQ diseases, we tested various siRNAs, and antisense reagents and assessed their silencing efficiency and allele selectivity. We showed considerable allele discrimination by several SNP targeting siRNAs based on a weak G-G or G-U pairing with normal allele and strong G-C pairing with mutant allele at the site of RISC-induced cleavage. Among the CAG repeat targeting reagents the strongest allele discrimination is achieved by miRNA-like functioning reagents that bind to their targets and inhibit their translation without substantial target cleavage. Also, morpholino analog performs well in mutant and normal allele discrimination but its efficient delivery to cells at low effective concentration still remains a challenge.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Using three cellular models of polyQ diseases and the same experimental setup we directly compared the performance of different oligonucleotide-based treatment strategies that are currently under development. Based on the results obtained by us and others we discussed the advantages and drawbacks of these strategies considering them from several different perspectives. The strategy aimed at nonallele-selective inhibiting of causative gene expression by targeting specific sequence of the implicated gene is the easiest to implement but relevant benefits are still uncertain. The gene replacement strategy that combines the nonallele-selective gene silencing with the expression of the exogenous normal allele is a logical extension of the former and it deserves to be explored further. Both allele-selective RNAi approaches challenge cellular RNA interference machinery to show its ability to discriminate between similar sequences differing in either single base substitutions or repeated sequence length. Although both approaches perform well in allele discrimination most of our efforts are focused on repeat targeting due to its potentially higher universality.</p

Chemical proprieties of the iron-quinone complex in mutated reaction centers of Rb. sphaeroides

We investigated type II bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers, which contain a quinone - iron complex (Q_A-Fe-Q_B) on their acceptor side. Under physiological conditions it was observed mainly in a reduced high spin state but its low spin ferrous states were also observed. Therefore, it was suggested that it might regulate the dynamical properties of the iron–quinone complex and the protonation and deprotonation events in its neighbourhood. In order to get insight into the molecular mechanism of the NHFe low spin state formation, we preformed Mössbauer studies of a wild type of Rb. sphaeroides and its two mutated forms. Our Mössbauer measurements show that the hydrophobicity of the Q_A binding site can be crucial for stabilization of the high spin ferrous state of NHFe

Current distribution of Pilularia globulifera L. in Poland : changes of geographical range and habitat preferences

Pilularia globulifera is a subatlantic European fern threatened with extinction. In Poland, it reaches the eastern border of its continuous range. Up to the end of the 20th century, it was observed here in 21 stands; only 2 of them existed by the second half of the century, so the species was categorized as critically endangered. Five new locations have been found in western and northwestern Poland during the last 10 years. Abundant and permanent populations grow in 3 locations, while 2 stands were ephemeral. All the current stands are situated in anthropogenic habitats with spontaneous vegetation, in oligotrophic to eutrophic waters. One of the new localities is about 280 km distant from the eastern range of the limit known previously. Pilularia forms its own plant community Pilularietum globuliferae, enters plots of Ranunculo-Juncetum bulbosi and occurs in mesotrophic to eutrophic rushes of Eleocharis palustris, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia and Equisetum fluviatile. Specimens are vigorous and regularly produce sporocarps