Association between PM2.5 and risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction: A systematic review and a meta-analysis

Background: It is generally assumed that there have been mixed results in the literature regarding the association between ambient particulate matter (PM) and myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore the rate of short-term exposure PM with aerodynamic diameters �2.5 μm (PM2.5) and examine its potential effect(s) on the risk of MI. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on databases like PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase with components: "air pollution" and "myocardial infarction". The summary relative risk (RR) and 95 confidence intervals (95CI) were also calculated to assess the association between the PM2.5 and MI. Results: Twenty-six published studies were ultimately identified as eligible candidates for the meta-analysis of MI until Jun 1, 2018. The results illustrated that a 10-μg/m 3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with the risk of MI (RR = 1.02; 95 CI 1.01-1.03; P � 0.0001). The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed through a random-effects model with p < 0.0001 and the I2 was 69.52, indicating a moderate degree of heterogeneity. We also conducted subgroup analyses including study quality, study design, and study period. Accordingly, it was found that subgroups time series study design and high study period could substantially decrease heterogeneity (I2 = 41.61, 41.78). Conclusions: This meta-analysis indicated that exposure-response between PM2.5 and MI. It is vital decision makers implement effective strategies to help improve air pollution, especially in developing countries or prevent exposure to PM2.5 to protect human health. © 2020 The Author(s)

Using Lattice Boltzmann Method to Investigate the Effects of Porous Media on Heat Transfer from Solid Block inside a Channel

A numerical investigation of forced convection in a channel with hot solid block inside a square porous block mounted on a bottom wall was carried out. The lattice Boltzmann method was applied for numerical simulations. The fluid flow in the porous media was simulated by Brinkman-Forchheimer model. The effects of parameters such as porosity and thermal conductivity ratio over flow pattern and thermal field were investigated. In this paper the effects of mentioned parameters were discussed in detail. The result show with increasing the thermal conductivity ratio and porosity the fluid temperature will reduce

Improvement of Hypothermia Control and Management Methods in Term ‎Newborns after Training on Neonatal Hypothermia with the Help of Clinical ‎Audit

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Maintenance of temperature at normal range by supplying heat and reducing its loss is an important part of neonatal care. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of in-service training for nurses on maintaining normal body temperature and eliminating heat stress and to compare the care practices to the current standards in term new-borns, before and after training on neonatal hypothermia care in hospitals affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences, in 2014. METHODS: This descriptive-intervention study was performed on 98 newborns to evaluate the nursing care provided for prevention of neonatal hypothermia in the operating rooms, maternity and neonatal wards, and NICUs before and one month after training on neonatal hypothermia care. The data were obtained using a self-regulated checklist, which was designed according to the relevant standards of care for prevention of hypothermia. The checklists were scored based on the number of provided nursing care practices. The intervention included speech, educational posters, leaflets, and slides. FINDINGS: The mean scores of nursing care before and after the intervention were 4.6±1.1 and 7.0±1.4 (out of 10), respectively, in the delivery rooms the respective mean sores were 8.4±1.4, and 11.1±0.7 (out of 13), for the operating rooms they were respectively 5.9±1.8, and 7.3±0.8 (out of 11), and in the NICUs they were 8.0±1.5, and 9.8±2.0, respectively (out of 14 p=0.0001). The prevalence of mild hypothermia at birth in the operating and delivery rooms was 38.1% and 21.5% before and after training, respectively. CONCLUSION: The highest level of care for the preservation of warm chain was provided in operating rooms and the lowest level of care was observed in delivery rooms. To prevent hyperthermia, health policy-makers are recommended to focus more attention on maintaining temperature in and providing facilities for this purpos