Patrón de depleción glucogénica y respuesta metabólica muscular a la lidia en toros bravos

Se ha investigado el metabolismo muscular y el patrón de depleción glucogénica en 12 toros bravos tras la lidia para establecer su adaptación al ejercicio y el orden de intervención de las fibras musculares. Se obtuvieron biopsias musculares tras la lidia, en el músculo glúteo medio, a una profundidad absoluta de 50 mm, para realizar análisis histoquímicos y bioquímicos. El patrón de depleción glucogénica se evaluó mediante la tinción del ácido peryódico de Schiff, las concentraciones musculares de glucógeno y lactato se cuantificaron mediante fluorimetría y se midió el pH muscular. Durante la lidia, se produjo una intervención importante de las vías glucolíticas, con formación de lactato y acidosis muscular. El patrón de depleción glucogénica mostró un orden de contracción fibrilar I→IIA→IIB. El contenido muscular total de glucógeno tras la lidia dependió fundamentalmente del porcentaje de fibras IIB con contenido elevado en glucógeno. En resumen, durante la lidia existe un metabolismo muscular anaerobio intenso, a pesar de la intervención preferencial de las fibras I y IIA, resultados que podrían haberse debido al efecto del estrés psicológico y liberación de catecolaminas. El bajo pH tras la lidia indicaría una capacidad tamponadora reducida, posiblemente debido a la escasez de precursores energéticos e incapacidad de refosforilación del ADP.Muscle metabolism and glycogen depletion pattern were investigated in 12 4-year old bulls after bullfighting in order to establish their muscular adaptation to exercise and the order of recruitment of muscle fibers. Biopsies were taken immediately after bullfighting from the gluteus medium muscle at an absolute depth of 50 mm to perform histochemistry and biochemistry. Glycogen depletion pattern was evaluated by means of periodic acid Schiff’s stain and muscle glycogen and lactate concentrations were determined fluorometrically. Muscle pH was also determined. During bullfighting, a marked intervention of the glycolytic pathways occurred, with glycogen breakdown, lactate formation and muscle acidosis. Glycogen depletion pattern showed a recruitment order of I→IIA→IIB. Total muscle glycogen content after bullfighting was mainly dependent on the percentage of type IIB fibers with high content in glycogen. In summary, the results showed the high anaerobic metabolism during bullfighting, in spite of the main intervention of type I and IIA fibers, which could have been linked to psychological stress and catecholamines release. Furthermore, the low pH could be indicative of a reduced muscle buffer capacity, possible due to the lack of energy precursors and incapacity for ADP rephosphorilationFacultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Respuesta in vivo de las células satélites a extractos musculares. Diferencias entre músculos lentos y rápidos

Fundamento. Incrementar el potencial miogénico en situaciones lesivas que afectan al músculo esquelético es de gran importancia clínica. Un buen modelo para estudiar el comportamiento de las células implicadas en los fenómenos proplásicos del músculo consiste en modificar el microambiente tisular in vivo, mediante la administración de extractos tisulares. Objetivos. Los objetivos de este estudio se han dirigido, por un lado, a determinar el efecto de diferentes extractos musculares sobre dos tipos de músculo normales, rojo y blanco, y su población de células satélites; de otro, determinar si un extracto de músculo denervado (ExMd) podría estimular la respuesta de las células satélites en músculo denervado. Material y métodos. Utilizamos ratas Wistar que fueron divididas en un grupo control y cuatro experimentales. Cada grupo experimental fue tratado intraperitonealmente durante 10 días consecutivos con un extracto diferente. Estos extractos se obtuvieron a partir de músculo sóleo normal, músculo sóleo denervado, músculo extensor digitorum longus normal y músculo extensor digitorum longus denervado. Se obtuvieron los músculos sóleo y EDL para su estudio en microscopia óptica y microscopia electrónica de transmisión; asimismo se analizaron parámetros morfométricos y se evaluó la respuesta miogénica. Para determinar si ExMd estimula a las células satélites en músculo denervado, ratas normales y denervadas fueron tratadas con ExMd. Los músculos sóleo fueron examinados empleando técnicas inmunohistoquímicas para antígeno de proliferación nuclear (PCNA), desmina y antígeno de diferenciación miogénica MyoD y el análisis cuantitativo y morfométrico de las células satélites en microscopía electrónica. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron que el tratamiento con extractos de músculo sóleo normal y de músculo sóleo denervado provocaron hipertrofia y aumento de la actividad miogénica. Por el contrario, el tratamiento con extractos de músculos extensor digitorum longus normal y denervado tuvieron un efecto diferente dependiendo del músculo analizado. Así en el músculo sóleo se produjo hipertrofia de las fibras tipo I y aumento de la actividad miogénica, mientras que en el músculo extensor digitorum longus se observó atrofia de las fibras tipo II sin cambios en la actividad miogénica. Mientras la denervación provoca la activación de células satélites, DmEx también induce la diferenciación miogénica de células localizadas en el espacio intersticial y la formación de nuevas fibras musculares. Aunque DmEx tuvo un efecto similar sobre músculos inervados como denervados, se observaron diferencias cuantitativas que indican una mayor respuesta del músculo denervado a la acción de este tipo de extracto. Conclusiones. Esto sugiere que la respuesta muscular de atrofia e hipertrofia puede depender de factores diferentes para cada tipo de músculo lo cuales pueden estar en relación con la inervación. Además, nuestro estudio muestra que el tratamiento de ratas denervadas con DmEx potencia la respuesta miogénica en los músculos denervados atróficos.Basis. Enhancement the myogenic potential in injurious situations affecting skeletal muscle is of great clinical interest. A good model to study the cells behavior involved in proplastic muscle phenomena is to modify the tissue microenvironment in vivo, through the administration of tissue extracts. Objectives. The objectives of this study were, on the one hand, to determine the effect of different muscle extracts on two types of normal muscle, red and white, and its population of satellite cells; on the other hand, to determine whether a denervated muscle extract (DmEx) could stimulate satellite cell response in denervated muscle. Material and methods. Wistar rats were used and were divided into a control group and four experimental groups. Each experimental group was treated intraperitoneally during 10 consecutive days with a different extract. These extracts were obtained from normal soleus muscle, denervated soleus, normal extensor digitorum longus, and denervated extensor digitorum longus. Following treatment, the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles were obtained for study under optic and transmission electron microscope; morphometric parameters and myogenic responses were also analyzed. To determine whether DmEx stimulates the satellite cells in denervated muscle, normal rats and denervated rats treated with DmEx. The soleus muscles were examined using immunohistochemical techniques for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), desmin and myogenic differentiation antigen (MyoD), and electron microscopy for analysis of the satellite cells. Results. The results demonstrated that the treatment with normal soleus muscle and denervated soleus muscle extracts provoked hypertrophy and increased myogenic activity. In contrast, treatment with extracts from the normal and denervated EDL had a different effect depending on the muscle analyzed. In the soleus muscle, it provoked hypertrophy of type I fibers and increased myogenic activity, while in the extensor digitorum longus atrophy of the type II fibers was observed without changes in myogenic activity. While denervation causes activation of satellite cells, DmEx also induces myogenic differentiation of cells localized in the interstitial space and the formation of new muscle fibers. Although DmEx had a similar effect, in nature, on innervated and denervated muscles, this response was of greater magnitude in denervated vs. intact muscles. Conclusions. This suggests that the muscular responses of atrophy and hypertrophy may depend on different factors related to the muscle type which could be related to innervation. Further our study shows that treatment of denervated rats with DmEx potentiates the myogenic response in atrophic denervated muscles

Patrón de depleción glucogénica y respuesta metabólica muscular a la lidia en toros bravos

Se ha investigado el metabolismo muscular y el patrón de depleción glucogénica en 12 toros bravos tras la lidia para establecer su adaptación al ejercicio y el orden de intervención de las fibras musculares. Se obtuvieron biopsias musculares tras la lidia, en el músculo glúteo medio, a una profundidad absoluta de 50 mm, para realizar análisis histoquímicos y bioquímicos. El patrón de depleción glucogénica se evaluó mediante la tinción del ácido peryódico de Schiff, las concentraciones musculares de glucógeno y lactato se cuantificaron mediante fluorimetría y se midió el pH muscular. Durante la lidia, se produjo una intervención importante de las vías glucolíticas, con formación de lactato y acidosis muscular. El patrón de depleción glucogénica mostró un orden de contracción fibrilar I→IIA→IIB. El contenido muscular total de glucógeno tras la lidia dependió fundamentalmente del porcentaje de fibras IIB con contenido elevado en glucógeno. En resumen, durante la lidia existe un metabolismo muscular anaerobio intenso, a pesar de la intervención preferencial de las fibras I y IIA, resultados que podrían haberse debido al efecto del estrés psicológico y liberación de catecolaminas. El bajo pH tras la lidia indicaría una capacidad tamponadora reducida, posiblemente debido a la escasez de precursores energéticos e incapacidad de refosforilación del ADP.Muscle metabolism and glycogen depletion pattern were investigated in 12 4-year old bulls after bullfighting in order to establish their muscular adaptation to exercise and the order of recruitment of muscle fibers. Biopsies were taken immediately after bullfighting from the gluteus medium muscle at an absolute depth of 50 mm to perform histochemistry and biochemistry. Glycogen depletion pattern was evaluated by means of periodic acid Schiff’s stain and muscle glycogen and lactate concentrations were determined fluorometrically. Muscle pH was also determined. During bullfighting, a marked intervention of the glycolytic pathways occurred, with glycogen breakdown, lactate formation and muscle acidosis. Glycogen depletion pattern showed a recruitment order of I→IIA→IIB. Total muscle glycogen content after bullfighting was mainly dependent on the percentage of type IIB fibers with high content in glycogen. In summary, the results showed the high anaerobic metabolism during bullfighting, in spite of the main intervention of type I and IIA fibers, which could have been linked to psychological stress and catecholamines release. Furthermore, the low pH could be indicative of a reduced muscle buffer capacity, possible due to the lack of energy precursors and incapacity for ADP rephosphorilationFacultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Background PM10 atmosphere: In the seek of a multifractal characterization using complex networks

In the literature, several epidemiological studies have already associated respiratory and cardiovascular diseases to acute exposure of mineral dust. However, frail people are also sensitive to chronic exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter 10μm or less (PM10). Consequently, it is crucial to better understand PM10 fluctuations at all scales. This study investigates PM10 background atmosphere in the Caribbean area according to African dust seasonality with complex network framework. For that purpose, the regular Visibility Graph (VG) and the new Upside-Down Visibility Graph (UDVG) are used for a multifractal analysis. Firstly, concentration vs degree (v-k) plots highlighted that high degree values (hubs behavior) are related to the highest PM10 concentrations in VG while hubs is associated to the lowest concentrations in UDVG, i.e. probably the background atmosphere. Then, the degree distribution analysis showed that VG and UDVG difference is reduced for high dust season contrary to the low one. As regards the multifractal analysis, the multifractal degree is higher for the low season in VG while it is higher for the high season in UDVG. The degree distribution behavior and the opposite trend in multifractal degree for UDVG are due to the increase of PM10 background atmosphere during the high season, i.e. from May to September. To sum up, UDGV is an efficient tool to perform noise fluctuations analysis in environmental time series where low concentrations play an important role as wel

Wet scavenging process of particulate matter (PM10): A multivariate complex network approach

Datos de investigación disponibles en: http://www.gwadair.frThis paper reports the results of research on PM10 wet scavenging by rainfall using a new multilayer complex networks called Multiplex Visibility Graphs (MVG). To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to assess PM10 wet deposition using multivariate time series according to African dust seasonality. We considered 11 years of daily PM10 and rainfall data from the Guadeloupe archipelago. To analyse the impact of rainfall on PM10 behaviour, two MVG parameters were computed: the average edge overlap (ω) and the interlayer mutual information (IPM). On the 1-d scale, the ω results showed that the wet scavenging process was higher during the second half of the year when the high dust season and the rainy season are juxtaposed. This highlights a greater correlation between the microscopic structure of the signal, and the impact of rainfall on PM10 concentrations is more significant when the atmosphere is loaded with dust. The joint probability computed between the PM10 and rainfall nodes confirmed this trend. The IPM results indicated a correlation between PM10 and rainfall structures throughout the year. Furthermore, IPM values were higher during the transition periods between winter and summer (and vice versa). Our study showed that MVG is a powerful technique for investigating the relationship between at least two nonlinear time series using a multivariate time series

Morphologic and morphometric study of the musculus obliquus dorsalis of the dog

In the present investigation, the dorsal oblique muscle of the right ocular globe was removed from six adult dogs weighing 40-50 kg and analyzed by light microscopy. Muscle samples were taken from the central portion of the muscle belly, subsequently ultrafrozen, cut and stained with m-ATPase at pH 4.6. Fibers were classified as type I or type II according to their reaction to the m-ATPase and detailed morphologic and morphometric studies were made. The muscles showed two clearly distinct layers, a central layer and a peripheral layer, mainly composed of type II fibers. The fibers in the central layer were larger in size than those in the peripheral layer. The peculiar stratigraphy of the dorsal oblique muscle should be taken into account when performing analyses of this muscle and investigating the significance of the fiber types it contains.En el presente trabajo se han extraído, de los globos oculares derechos, de seis perros adultos de 40-50 kilogramos de peso, los músculos oblicuos dorsales y analizados con microscopia de luz. Las muestras musculares para su análisis se tomaron de la porción central del vientre muscular y fueron ultracongeladas, cortadas y teñidas por la técnica de m-ATPasa a pH 4,6. Las fibras se clasificaron en tipo I y tipo II en virtud a su reacción frente a la m-ATPasa, realizándose un detallado estudio morfológico y morfométrico. Los músculos presentaron dos estratos netamente diferenciados, uno central y otro periférico, compuestos mayoritariamente por fibras tipo II. Las fibras del estrato central presentaron un mayor tamaño que las correspondientes del estrato periférico. La peculiar estratigrafía del músculo oblicuo dorsal debería tenerse en consideración al analizar este músculo e investigar el significado de los tipos fibrilares que contien

Assyrian reliefs as a source of equinotechnical documentation

Los équidos que sustituyeron en la Edad del Bronce a los existentes en el Próximo Oriente (onagros, asnos e híbridos), procedían de emigraciones de pueblos nómadas euroasiáticos que cruzaron el Cáucaso y se establecieron en Anatolia, Mesopotamia y otras regiones de la zona, constituyendo animales de monta o tracción de los nuevos centros de poder: hititas, mitannios, hurritas, asirios e hicsos, entre otros. La representación de estos animales en los relieves asirios del imperio medio, en tiempos de Salmanasar III, Senaquerib y Asurbanipal, nos permite reconocer un tipo de locomoción, la ambladura, que actualmente los ganaderos consideran como un defecto a erradicar. En otro caso, con motivo de una entrega de tributos a Salmanasar III, en el Obelisco Negro de Nimrud, se observa la posición y morfología de un caballo que presenta los rasgos definitorios del que actualmente reconocemos en el pura raza árabe (AA).During the Bronze Age, the equids that substituted the existing ones in the Middle East (onagers, donkeys, and hybrids), came from the migrating euro Asiatic nomad people who crossed the Caucasus and settled in Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and other surrounding regions, constituting riding or drafting animals for the new power centers: the Hittite, the Mitanni, the Hurrian, the Assyrian, and the Hyksos, among others. The representation of these animals in the Assyrian relief carvings from the Middle Empire, during Shalmaneser III, Sennacherib and Assurbanipal times, allow us to know a type of locomotion, of ambling that stockbreeders currently consider as a defect that must be eliminated. In another case, on the occasion of a delivery tribute to Shalmaneser III, in Nimrud’s Black Obelisk, it is observed that the position and the morphology of a horse are those of the defining traits of what we now know as the Arab purebred (AA)

Checking complex networks indicators in search of singular episodes of the photochemical smog

A set of indicators derived from the analysis of complex networks have been introduced to identify singularities on a time series. To that end, the Visibility Graphs (VG) from three different signals related to photochemical smog (O3, NO2 concentration and temperature) have been computed. From the resulting complex network, the centrality parameters have been obtained and compared among them. Besides, they have been contrasted to two others that arise from a multifractal point of view, that have been widely used for singularity detection in many fields: the Hölder and singularity exponents (specially the first one of them). The outcomes show that the complex network indicators give equivalent results to those already tested, even exhibiting some advantages such as the unambiguity and the more selective results. This suggest a favorable position as supplementary sources of information when detecting singularities in several environmental variables, such as pollutant concentration or temperature

Diagnostic effectiveness of [123I] Ioflupane single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in multiple system atrophy

Background: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder that has no curative treatment. Diagnosis is based on a set of criteria established by Gilman (1998 and 2008) and recently updated by Wenning (2022). We aim to determine the effectiveness of [123I]Ioflupane SPECT in MSA, especially at the initial clinical suspicion. Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients at the initial clinical suspicion of MSA, referred for [123I]Ioflupane SPECT. Results: Overall, 139 patients (68 men, 71 women) were included, 104 being MSA-probable and 35 MSA-possible. MRI was normal in 89.2%, while SPECT was positive in 78.45%. SPECT showed high sensitivity (82.46%) and positive predictive value (86.24), reaching maximum sensitivity in MSA-P (97.26%). Significant differences were found when relating both SPECT assessments in the healthy–sick and inconclusive–sick groups. We also found an association when relating SPECT to the subtype (MSA-C or MSA-P), as well as to the presence of parkinsonian symptoms. Lateralization of striatal involvement was detected (left side). Conclusions: [123I]Ioflupane SPECT is a useful and reliable tool for diagnosing MSA, with good effectiveness and accuracy. Qualitative assessment shows a clear superiority when distinguishing between the healthy–sick categories, as well as between the parkinsonian (MSA-P) and cerebellar (MSA-C) subtypes at initial clinical suspicion