Makna kata Jihad dalam pendekatan semantika Al Qur’an

Pada zaman modern ini, persoalan keagamaan semakin beragam dan terus berkembang di masyarakat. Salah satu di antara persoalan tersebut adalah kasus-kasus intoleransi dan ekstrimisme yang semakin banyak bermunculan. Di antara factor yang melatarbelakangi hal tersebut adalah kesalahpahaman dalam memaknai kata Jihad. Kesalahpahaman ini berujung kepada aksi-aksi ekstrimisme yang membahayakan umat beragama. Belakangan pun ramai diperbincangkan, ketika sekelompok orang menyuarakan ajakan jihad dalam adzan. Perlu adanya kajian ulang untuk memahami kata jihad yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an. Dalam hal ini, pendekatan semantika al-Qur’an akan menjadi pisau analisis yang dapat memunculkan makna jihad secara komperehnsif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana makna jihad dalam al Qur’an ditinjau oleh pendekatan semantika al-Qur’an. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis data kualitatif. data primer dalam penelitian ini adalah ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an yang terdapat kata jihad. Selain itu, kajian semantik dalam buku Relasi Tuhan dan Manusia: Pendekatan Semantik terhadap Al-Quran karya Toshihiko Izutsu. penulis menggunakan beberapa referensi mengenai kajian seputar jihad dan semantik. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kepustakaan atau Library Research dengan metode pembahasan deskriptif-analisis. Analisis data yang dilakukan oleh penulis dalam penelitian kali ini menggunakan metode Induksi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah makna dasar dari kata jihad yang terdapat dalam alQur’an memiliki makna berperang dan bersungguh-sungguh. Kemudian makna relasional yang terdapat dalam periode Qur’anik memiliki keterkaitan dengan empat kata, yaitu: (1) Jalan Allah (Fi> sabi>lillah); (2) harta dan jiwa (amwa>l dan anfus); (3) kaum kafir dan kaum munafik (al-kuffa>r dan al-muna>fiqu>n); dan (4) keimanan (ayma>nihim).Medan semantik dari kata jihad merujuk kepada tiga hal, yaitu: (1) tujuan jihad; (2) objek jihad; dan (3) jenis jihad. Welthanschauung kata jihad dapat kita munculkan dua hal, yaitu: kewajiban dalam Islam dan sebuah kesungguhan. Dua hal tersebut, nantinya dapat dikembangkan sehingga dapat memunculkan konsep baru tentang jihad di setiap masa yang berbeda

PENGGUNAAN PESAWAT TANPA AWAK (DRONE) DALAM MELAKUKAN PEMANTAUAN DAN IDENTIFIKASI OTOMATIS PADA PERTANAMAN JAGUNG DI KELOMPOK TANI PATTAROWANGTA, KABUPATEN TAKALAR

Teknologi budidaya tanaman pada era 4.0 membutuhkan konsep pertanian cerdas untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas budidaya tanaman. Salah satu teknologi pertanian cerdas dalam bidang pertanian adalah penggunaan pesawat tanpa awak atau drone. Teknologi ini dapat menjawab permasalahan terkait evaluasi budidaya pertanaman, sehingga pengabdian teknologi ini kepada petani menjadi terobosan baru dalam memajukan kesejahtera petani. Metode penelitian ini memggunakan  demonstrasi langsung dilapangan, tepatnya pada kelompok Tani Pattarowangta, Galesong Selatan, Kabupaten Takalar. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Penggunaan teknologi untuk bidang pertanian seperti UAV diyakini bisa memberi banyak keuntungan kepada pelaku industri pertanian, terkhusus kepada petani. Proses pemantauan dan deteksi dini serangan hama, penyakit, kekurangan nutrisi, hingga prediksi waktu dan hasil panen menggunakan pesawat tanpa awak atau drone telah menjadi terobosan baru dibidang pertanian. Oleh sebab itu teknolohgi ini direkomendasikan dalam menentukan keputusan atau kebijakan yang tepat dalam mengelola suatu sumbedaya lahan. Kata kunci: Pesawat tanpa awak, pertanian cerdas, pemantauan, Jagung. ABSTRACT Plant cultivation technology in the 4.0 era requires smart farming concepts to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of plant cultivation. One of the smart farming technologies in agriculture is the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). This technology can answer problems related to the evaluation of crop cultivation so that the service of this technology to farmers is a breakthrough in advancing the welfare of farmers. This research method uses direct demonstration in the field, precisely in the Pattarowangta farmer group, South Galesong, Takalar Regency. The results of this study indicate that the use of technology for agriculture such as UAV is believed to be able to provide many benefits to agricultural industry players, especially to farmers. The process of monitoring and early detection of pests, diseases, nutritional deficiencies, to predict harvest time and yields using unmanned aerial vehicles has become a breakthrough in agriculture. Therefore, this technology is recommended in determining the right decisions or policies in managing a land resource. Keywords: Unmanned aerial vehicles, smart agriculture, monitoring, Zea mays

EXPERIMENTAL FARM (Exfarm) SEBAGAI UNIT PEMBELAJARAN DAN USAHA FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN

Kegiatan pengabdian yang dilaksanakan di lahan Experimental Farm (Exfarm) Fakultas Pertanian dengan sekitar 7 ha bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan sarana dan prasarana yang tersedia yang selama ini tidak dimanfaatkan secara optimal, kecuali untuk tujuan praktikum dan penelitian dosen. Solusi yang ditawarkan adalah menjadikan exfarm Fakultas Pertanian sebagai unit pembelajaran dan sekaligus sebagai unit produksi dengan memanfaatkan lahan, sarana dan prasarana yang tersedia. Dengan luas lahan yang ada serta fasilitas yang cukup, exfarm dimanfaatkan sebagai suatu unit usaha agar menjadi tempat pembelajaran kewirausahaan mahasiswa sekaligus unit produksi untuk mendapatkan profit untuk digunakan dalam pemeliharaan rutin exfarm. Hal ini sekaligus sebagai cikal bakal untuk meningkatkan pendapatan Fakultas dan Universitas Hasanuddin sebagai PTNBH. Kegiatan pengabdian dilaksanakan dalam bentuk pelatihan dan pembuatan produk pupuk organik cair, pupuk silika, sayuran hidroponik, dan hasil stek tanam hias dan buah. Kegiatan ini melibatkan para pegawai kebun, mahasiswa/i Fakultas Pertanian dan Vokasi Universitas Hasanuddin, serta siswa/i SMA. Kegiatan pengabdian ini memberikan pengetahuan, wawasan serta keterampilan kepada para peserta yang terlibat dalam proses kegiatan pengabdian. Kata kunci: Experimental farm, unit usaha, unit pembelajaran, pelatihan, produk. ABSTRACT The service activities carried out on the Experimental Farm (exfarm) of the Faculty of Agriculture with around 7 ha aim to optimize the available facilities and infrastructure which have not been used optimally, except for practicum and lecturer research purposes. The solution offered is to make the Faculty of Agriculture's exfarm a learning unit and at the same time a production unit by utilizing the available land, facilities and infrastructure. With the existing land area and sufficient facilities, the exfarm is used as a business unit to become a place for student entrepreneurial learning as well as a production unit to earn profits to be used for routine maintenance of the exfarm. This is also a precursor to increasing the income of Hasanuddin Faculty and University as PTNBH. Service activities are carried out in the form of training and making liquid organic fertilizer products, silica fertilizer, hydroponic vegetables, and ornamental and fruit planting cuttings. This activity involved plantation employees, students from the Faculty of Agriculture and Vocational Studies, Hasanuddin University, as well as high school students. This service activity provides knowledge, insight and skills to participants involved in the service activity process. Keywords: Experimental farm, business unit, learning unit, training, product

Public awareness level and occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water with potential health risk: a study from Kajang (Malaysia)

Studies on the occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water were conducted especially in developed countries. However, limited studies reported the occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in developing countries. Thus, this study is conducted to fill the knowledge gap of pharmaceutical residue occurrences in developing countries, particularly in Malaysia, along with public awareness level and its potential human health risk. This study investigates public awareness level of drinking water quality and pharmaceutical handling, the occurrence of nine pharmaceutical residues (amoxicillin, caffeine, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone, diclofenac, nitrofurazone, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan) and potential human health risks in drinking water from Kajang (Malaysia) using commercially competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. In general, the public awareness level of Kajang population showed poor knowledge (82.02%), and less positive attitude (98.88%) with a good practice score (57.3%). Ciprofloxacin was detected at the highest concentration (0.667 ng/L) while amoxicillin was at the lowest concentration (0.001 ng/L) in drinking water from Kajang (Malaysia). Nevertheless, all the reported occurrences were lower than previous studies conducted elsewhere. There was no appreciable potential human health risk for all the pharmaceutical residues as the risk quotient (RQ) values were less than 1 (RQ < 1). The results of this study will provide authorities with quantitative knowledge and resources to improve drinking water risk management and regulation in Malaysia

PENDAMPINGAN ON-FARM TEKNOLOGI KOMPOS TRICHODERMA, PUPUK NANO SILIKA, DAN BIOENZIM PADA PRODUKSI SORGUM MANIS DI KABUPATEN PANGKEP

melibatkan mitra kelompok tani pada Desa Bantimurung Kecamatan Tondong Tallasa dan Desa Bara Batu Kecamatan Labakkang, CV. Sorgum, dan Dinas Pertanian Kabupaten Pangkep. Kegiatan pengabdian bertujuan untuk diseminasi teknologi kompos Trichoderma, pupuk nano silika, dan pupuk cair Bioenzim pada budidaya Sorgum manis sebagai pangan fungsional. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat adalah sekolah lapang pembuatan pupuk kompos berbahan dasar cendawan Trichoderma, pembuatan pupuk nano silika, dan pembuatan pupuk organik cair bioenzim. Selain itu juga dilakukan demplot penanaman sorgum manis untuk kebutuhan produksi benih unggul dan beras sorgum. Kegiatan terlaksana dengan lancar dan diikuti oleh anggota kelompok tani dari kedua lokasi dan mitra dari dunia usaha dan industri serta pemda setempat. Dari kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan mitra terhadap pembuatan dan aplikasi pupuk kompos Trichoderma, nano silika dan bioenzim. Selain itu, melalui demplot percobaan dihasilkan benih sorgum dari varietas unggul untuk kebutuhan penanaman sorgum oleh kelompok tani. Selama kegiatan penanaman berlangsung terdapat kendala musim kemarau yang berkepanjangan sehingga produktivitas yang dihasilkan dari demplot produksi benih dan beras sorgum hanya mencapai masing-masing 3 ton/ha dan 4 ton/ha yang lebih tinggi dari produktivitas normal petani sorgum di Kabupaten Pangkep. Selain itu, dari penggunaan teknologi ketiga jenis pupuk yang diperkenalkan dihasilkan batang sorgum dengan kandungan brix sebesar 18-21%. Kata kunci: Sorghum bicolor L., Trichokompos, Nano Silika, Bioenzim. ABSTRACT A community service activity was carried out in Pangkep Regency involving farmer group partners in Bantimurung Village, Tondong Tallasa District and Bara Batu Village, Labakkang District, CV. Sorghum, and the Pangkep District Agriculture Service. The service activity aims to disseminate Trichoderma compost technology, nano silica fertilizer, and Bioenzyme liquid fertilizer in the cultivation of sweet sorghum as functional food. The method of implementing community service activities is a field school for making compost fertilizer made from the Trichoderma fungus, making nano silica fertilizer, and making bioenzyme liquid organic fertilizer. Apart from that, a sweet sorghum planting demonstration plot was also carried out for the production of superior seeds and sorghum rice. The activity was carried out smoothly and was attended by members of farmer groups from both locations and partners from the world of business and industry as well as the local government. From this community service activity, it can be concluded that there has been an increase in partners' knowledge and skills regarding the manufacture and application of Trichoderma compost fertilizer, nano silica and bioenzymes. In addition, through experimental demonstration plots, sorghum seeds from superior varieties were produced for the needs of sorghum planting by farmer groups. During the planting activities, there was a long dry season so that the productivity resulting from the sorghum seed and rice production demonstration plots only reached 3 tons/ha and 4 tons/ha respectively, which was higher than the normal productivity of sorghum farmers in Pangkep Regency. Apart from that, using the technology of the three types of fertilizer introduced produces sorghum stalks with a Brix content of 18-21%. Keywords: Sorghum bicolor L., Trichokompos, Nano Silica, Bioenzym

Occurrence and potential human health risk of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water from Putrajaya (Malaysia)

Occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water has been widely reported in countries that have registered steady economic growth. This can exert concerns among the general consumers, prompting them to explore the potential human health risks associated with continuous exposure to pharmaceuticals. However, such an occurrence is rarely reported in developing or under-developed countries. To give more contexts, this study looked at the presence of nine pharmaceutical residues in drinking water (amoxicillin, caffeine, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone, diclofenac, nitrofurazone, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan) at Putrajaya residential area in Malaysia. Additionally, the potential health risks associated with contaminated drinking water were investigated. This study has found the presence of pharmaceutical residue concentrations up to 0.38 ng/L, with the highest concentration of caffeine (0.38 ng/L) and the lowest concentration of diclofenac (0.14 ng/L). In comparison, all the nine pharmaceutical residues were substantially lower than previously reported studies. In general, Hazard Quotient (HQ) values indicated that low potential health hazards were present for all age groups. Nevertheless, quantitative occurrences of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water will help guide future toxicological studies to examine other chronic effects, while canvassing for proper framework to look into the water risk management and regulation in Malaysia

Occurrence, human health risks, and public awareness level of pharmaceuticals in tap water from Putrajaya (Malaysia)

Pharmaceutical residue pollution remains as an underexplored issue, especially in Asian countries. Along with that line, the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in tap water and its associated potential health risks, involving a total of 80 Putrajaya residents. Besides, this study also aimed to evaluate public awareness (knowledge, attitude, and practice) levels with regards to pharmaceutical handling. The highest pharmaceutical residue occurrence was cafeine (0.38 ng/L) while the lowest was diclofenac (0.14 ng/L). These pharmaceutical residue occurrences in tap water were linked with rapid urbanization and industrialization in river water, poor removal efciencies in wastewater and drinking water treatment plants as well as improper pharmaceutical waste handling and disposal from the general public. The potential health risks (RQT) indicated residents in Putrajaya with ages between 61 and 75 were exposed to the highest health risks caused by the pharmaceutical residues in tap water. In general, low public awareness (knowledge, attitude, and practice) levels were identifed with only 44.5% of Putrajaya population having good knowledge, 27.5% having good attitude and 1.6% having good practice related to pharmaceutical handling and its efect to tap water quality. Findings of this study refected the importance of public awareness program to educate the general public on proper unused/expired handling and disposal to minimize pharmaceutical pollution

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Analysis to Evaluate Corn Cultivation Technology Based on Farmer Participation

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), widely known as a drone, proves very effective in assessing cropping or crop cultivation. Its practical use in evaluating corn cultivation technology systems is feasible when based on farmer participation. UAV can generate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm that reflects the greenness of leaves, which is a parameter related to photosynthesis and plant productivity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the participation-based UAV-derived NDVI could be effectively used to assess corn cultivation technology and determine the appropriate technology to be used in the cultivation. The research was conducted in Tarowang Village in Galesong Selatan District, Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, using two plots, namely, mother trial and baby trial. The mother trial applied a randomized block design in which eight packages of corn cultivation technology were randomly assigned, whereas the baby trial consisted of eight corn plots cultivated by farmers. In the latter, each farmer received one package of the cultivation technology. The study results indicated that NDVI and yield could effectively evaluate corn cropping. Three packages, i.e., P1, P4, and P5, are recommended for corn cultivation, especially in the village observed. Nevertheless, they are expected to be also applicable to other districts in South Sulawesi to promote improvement in corn production

PEMBERDAYAAN PETANI MELALUI PELATIHAN SELIDIK CEPAT KESUBURAN TANAH SAWAH DI DESA PANAIKANG, KECAMATAN MINESATENE, PANGKEP

Penurunan hasil produksi dalam satu dekade terakhir telah dirasakan oleh masyarakat petani di desa Panaikang, Kecamatan Minasatene, Kabupaten Pangkep. Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk meningkatkan hasil panen. Ketidaktahuan petani tentang permasalahan kesuburan tanah, mengakibatkan para petani tidak dapat menemukan solusi terhadap permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam memperbaiki/mengembalikan kesuburan tanah. Oleh sebab itu dibutuhkan pelatihan selidik cepat kesuburan tanah sawah untuk mengatasi permasalahan degradasi tanah di lahan sawah. Pelatihan diberikan secara langsung dengan mempraktekkan bagaimana menggunakan alat Perangkat Uji Tanah Sawah (PUTS) tanah sawah, dan dilanjutkan dengan simulasi yang dilakukan langsung oleh beberapa kelompok tani. Hasil uji kesuburan tanah dengan alat PUTS, memiliki nilai keakuratan terutama terkait pH tanah, Nitrogen, dan Posfor, yang sudah dapat dijadikan rujukan awal dalam penanganan status kesuburan tanah dan rekomendasi peningkatan kesehatan tanah. Nilai pH tanah berbanding lurus dengan kandungan hara-hara yang terdapat di dalam tanah. Perbedaan nilai uji PUTS dan uji laboratorium, disebabkan oleh adanya perlakuan yang telah diberikan oleh petani pada tanaman padi sawah berupa pemupukan sebelum pengambilan sampel tanah, sehingga memberikan hasil yang berbeda. Uji PUTS sebaiknya dilakukan sebelum penanaman padi sawah atau setelah panen, sehingga terbebas dari kesalahan pembacaan data. Pembentukan Desa Mitra menjadi keberlanjutan kegiatan sebagai wujud pendampingan petani dalam meningkatkan kesuburan tanah sawah di Desa Panaikang. Kata kunci: Tanah, petani, PUTS, desa mitra, Pangkep.   ABSTRACT The farming community in Panaikang Village, Minasatene District, Pangkep Regency, has felt a decline in production yields in the last decade. Various attempts were made to increase crop yields. Farmers' ignorance of soil fertility problems resulted in farmers being unable to find solutions to the issues they faced in improving/restoring soil fertility. Therefore, training is needed to quickly investigate the fertility of paddy soil to overcome the problem of soil degradation in paddy fields. The training was given directly by practicing using the Rice Field Soil Test Tool (PUTS) for rice fields and continued with simulations carried out directly by several farmer groups. The results of soil fertility tests using the PUTS tool have accuracy values, especially regarding soil pH, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. These can be used as an initial reference in handling soil fertility status and recommendations for improving soil health. The pH value of the soil is directly proportional to the nutrient content in the soil. The difference in PUTS test values and laboratory tests is caused by the treatment given by farmers to lowland rice plants in the form of fertilization before taking soil samples, thus providing different results. The PUTS test should be carried out before planting lowland rice or after harvest to avoid data reading errors. The formation of Partner Villages is a continuation of activities as a form of assistance to farmers in increasing the fertility of rice fields in Panaikang Village. Keywords: Soil, farmer, PUTS, partner villages, Pangkep

Pharmaceuticals residues in selected tropical surface water bodies from Selangor (Malaysia): occurrence and potential risk assessments

This study investigated the occurrence of nine pharmaceuticals (amoxicillin, caffeine, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone, diclofenac, nitrofurazone, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan) and to evaluate potential risks (human health and ecotoxicological) in Lui, Gombak and Selangor (Malaysia) rivers using commercial competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit assays. Physicochemical properties of these rivers showed the surface samples belong to Class II of Malaysian National Water Quality Standards which requires conventional treatment before consumption. All the pharmaceuticals were detected in all three rivers except for triclosan, dexamethasone and diclofenac which were not detected in few of sampling locations in these three rivers. Highest pharmaceutical concentrations were detected in Gombak river in line of being as one of the most polluted rivers in Malaysia. Ciprofloxacin concentrations were detected in all the sampling locations with the highest at 299.88 ng/L. While triclosan, dexamethasone and diclofenac concentrations were not detected in a few of sampling locations in these three rivers. All these nine pharmaceuticals were within the levels reported previously in literature. Pharmaceutical production, wastewater treatment technologies and treated sewage effluent were found as the potential sources which can be related with pharmaceuticals occurrence in surface water samples. Potential human risk assessment showed low health risk except for ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone. Instead, ecotoxicological risk assessment indicated moderate risks were present for these rivers. Nevertheless, results confirmation using instrumental techniques is needed for higher degree of specificity. It is crucial to continuously monitor the surface water bodies for pharmaceuticals using a cost-effective prioritisation approach to assess sensitive sub-populations risk