40 research outputs found
Historical perspectives on pastoralism and land tenure transformation in Ngamiland, Botswana: What are the policy and institutional lessons?
Pastoral societies in dryland Africa continue to face changes to their pastoral systems. These systems are influenced by a range of historical factors but little use is made of this information to design policies that suit pastoralistsâ landscapes. This article provides a synthesis of historical perspectives on pastoral land use and tenure transformations in Ngamiland, south of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Little documentation of herdersâ historical perspectives exists and less is known about how past experiences can be applied to sustainable pastoralism policies. In this article, current land use pressing issues are examined and analysed within the context of past experiences. We use a series of oral histories with key informants, focus group discussions, expert interviews and rangelands field observations. Ngamiland historical perspectives depict a pastoral landscape that has been shaped by a variety of factors; livestock diseases, Human-wildlife-conflicts, droughts, land tenure transformations associated with rangeland policies and the pastoral identity of the Ovaherero/Ovambanderu ethnic groups. Pastoralists have followed unique trajectories, specific to their rangeland conditions and socio-cultural context. Resilience to climate shocks and diseases has been weakened by inequitable patterns of control over rangeland resources. We recommend institutional diversity such that from experiences of the past, lessons can be drawn of the sort of processes and institutions required for pastoralism policies including targeted pastoralistsâ adaptations. Using pastoralists to provide information, especially in the area of indigenous knowledge, strategies can be developed to link conservation of wildlife and rangelands with pastoral production by developing ecologically-sensitive low-volume tourism that pastoral communities can tap in to diversify their livelihoods
Wealth, household heterogeneity and livelihood diversification of Fulani pastoralists in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, northern Nigeria, during a period of social transition
A mixed methods study was undertaken in the Kachia Grazing Reserve of northern Nigeria. Surveys in March, June and October 2011 included focus group discussions, key informant and in-depth household interviews, concerning livelihood practices, animal health, ownership, and productivity. In May 2011, 249 Fulani families fleeing post-election violence entered the reserve with their livestock, increasing the number of households by one third.Despite being settled within a grazing reserve, over half of households sent all their cattle away on seasonal transhumance and another third sent some away. Cattle accounted for 96% of total tropical livestock units (TLU), of which 26% were cattle kept permanently outside the reserve. While all households cited livestock as their main source of income, 90% grew crops and 55% derived income from off-farm activities. A multiple correspondence analysis showed that for each extra member of a household its TLU value increased by 2.0 [95% CI, 1.4-2.7], while for each additional marriage its TLU increased by 15.7 [95% CI, 7.1-24.3]. A strong association was also observed between small herds, small households with only one wife, alongside marked geographical wealth differences within the reserve. New immigrant families had larger household sizes (33) and livestock holdings (122 TLU) than old settlers (22 people and 67 TLU). Prior to the mass immigration, the distribution of TLU per person was unimodal: 41% of households were classified as 'poor' and 27% as 'medium', whereas post-immigration it was bi-modal, with 26% classified as 'very poor' and 28% as 'medium'.While cattle remain the principal source of Fulani income and wealth, the inhabitants of Kachia Grazing Reserve have diversified their livelihood strategies to respond to changing circumstances and stress, especially the limited availability of grazing within the reserve and political insecurity outside, resulting in continued transhumance, the maintenance of smaller livestock holdings and pushing households into poverty
Theories of Nomadic Movement: A New Theoretical Approach for Understanding the Movement Decisions of Nenets and Komi Reindeer Herders
Drivers of forage availability: An integration of remote sensing and traditional ecological knowledge in Karamoja sub-region, Uganda
Imagining an Imperial Modernity: Universities and the West African Roots of Colonial Development
© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis GroupThis article takes the formation and work of the âElliotâ Commission on Higher Education in West Africa (1943â45) to reconsider the roots of British colonial development. Late colonial universities were major development projects, although they have rarely been considered as such. Focusing particularly on the Nigerian experience and the controversy over Yaba Higher College (founded 1934), the article contends that late colonial plans for universities were not produced in Britain and then exported to West African colonies. Rather, they were formed through interactions between agendas and ideas with roots in West Africa, Britain and elsewhere. These debates exhibited asymmetries of power but produced some consensus about university development. African and British actors conceptualised modern education by combining their local concerns with a variety of supra-local geographical frames for development, which included the British Empire and the individual colony. The British Empire did not in this case forestall development, but shaped the ways in which development was conceived
Systemanalyse av slamhandtering. Delrapport 2
Rapporten er delt i to: DEL A gjev eit grovt oversyn over slamproblemet i Noreg. Ved Ärhundreskiftet vil det bli produsert omlag 130 000 tonn TS/Är som kommunalt slam, av dette omlag 75% frÄ renseanlegg med kjemisk felling. 2/3 av slammet kjem frÄ anlegg med meir enn 500 pe tilknytta. Eit forsÞk pÄ systematisering av slamhandtering og prosesskombinasjonar er gjort. DEL B skildrar 1. utgÄva av modellprogrammet PREDES, som reknar massebalansar i renseanlegg ut frÄ brukarspesifiserte fÞresetnade
Informasjonssystem for overvÄking av Norges vannressurser. Rapport fra forprosjektfasen
Rapporten skisserer et mulig norsk overvÄkingsopplegg for 1980- Ärene. Man oppsummerer utgangspunktet og antyder en trinnvis utviklingslinje frem mot det endelige informasjonssystemet. I rapporten er samlet over 150 faglige problemstillinger. Litteratur- studiene omfatter ca 150 titler. Det gis konkrete planer for viderefÞring av prosjektarbeidetStatens forurensningstilsy
REBUS - Regnskap. og BudsjettSystem for forurensende tilfĂžrsler til vassdrag og fjorder. Del B. EDB-systemet: Brukerbeskrivelse og teknisk dokumentasjon
Det er laget et generelt, EDB-basert regnskap- og budsjettsystem for forurensningstilfÞrsler til vannresipienter. Systemet gir mulighet for rapportering pÄ valgbare hierarkiske nivÄer etter bÄde administrative linjer (grunnkrets, kommune, fylke m.v.) og etter hydrologiske linjer (delnedbÞrfelt, nedbÞrfelt). Alle aktuelle typer av forurensningskilder og forurensningsparametre kan tas med. Renseeffekter, lekkasjer og retensjon kan tas hensyn til. SÄfremt inngangsdataenes pÄlitelighetsgrad blir angitt, kan systemet beregne usikkerhetsintervaller pÄ rapportsiden. REBUS kan, foruten til regnskap- og budsjettformÄl, ogsÄ brukes som en simuleringsmodel
REBUS - Regnskap- og BudsjettSystem for forurensende tilfĂžrsler til vassdrag og fjorder. Del A: Prosjektsammendrag og vannfaglige tema
Det er laget et generelt, EDB-basert regnskap- og budsjettsystem for forurensningstilfÞrsler til vannresipienter. Systemet gir mulighet for rapportering pÄ valgbare hierarkiske nivÄer etter bÄde administrative linjer (grunnkrets, kommune, fylke m.v.) og etter hydrologiske linjer (delnedbÞrfelt, nedbÞrfelt). Alle aktuelle typer av forurensningskilder og forurensningsparametre kan tas med. Renseeffekter, lekkasjer og retensjon kan tas hensyn til. SÄfremt inngangsdataenes pÄlitelighetsgrad blir angitt, kan systemet beregne usikkerhetsintervaller pÄ rapportsiden. REBUS kan, foruten til regnskap- og budsjettformÄl, ogsÄ brukes som en simuleringsmodel