Structural and Chemical Profiles of Myrcia splendens (Myrtaceae) Leaves Under the Influence of the Galling Nexothrips sp. (Thysanoptera)

Thysanoptera-induced galls commonly culminate in simple folding or rolling leaf gall morphotypes. Most of these galls are induced by members of the suborder Tubulifera, with only a few species of the suborder Terebrantia being reported as gall inducers. The Terebrantia, as most of the gall inducers, manipulates the host plant cellular communication system, and induces anatomical and biochemical changes in its host plant. In an effort to keep its homeostasis, the host plant reacts to the stimuli of the galling insect and triggers chemical signaling processes. In contrast to free-living herbivores, the signaling processes involving galling herbivores and their host plants are practically unknown. Current investigation was performed into two steps: first, we set the structural profile of non-galled and galled leaves, and looked forward to find potential alterations due to gall induction by an undescribed species of Nexothrips (suborder Terebrantia) on Myrcia splendens. Once oil glands had been altered in size and number, the second step was the investigation of the chemical profile of three tissue samples: (1) non-galled leaves of a control individual, (2) non-galled leaves of galled plants, and (3) galls. This third sample was divided into two groups: (3.1) galls from which the inducing thrips were manually removed and (3.2) galls macerated with the inducing thrips inside. The chemical profile was performed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometric detector after headspace solid-phase extraction. The galling activity of the Nexothrips sp. on M. splendens culminates in mesophyll compactness interspersed to diminutive hypersensitive spots, development of air cavities, and the increase in size and number of the secretory glands. Seventy-two compounds were completely identified in the volatile profile of the three samples, from which, sesquiterpenes and aldehydes, pertaining to the “green leaf volatile” (GLVs) class, are the most abundant. The rare event of gall induction by a Terebrantia revealed discrete alterations toward leaf rolling, and indicated quantitative differences related to the plant bioactivity manipulated by the galling thrips. Also, the content of methyl salicylate has varied and has been considered a potential biomarker of plant resistance stimulated as a long-distance effect on M.splendens individuals

OVERLOAD AND SATISFACTION OF FAMILY MEMBERS OF PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

Objetivo: avaliar a atenção psicossocial pela ótica do familiar do paciente esquizofrênico.Metódo: estudo correlacional com 40 familiares no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial III de Londrina-PR, entre 2015 e 2016. Foram obtidas variáveis relacionadas à caracterização sociodemográfica e das escalas de avaliação da sobrecarga e de satisfação de familiares. Os dados foram analisados com medidas de tendência central e de correlação.Resultados: 24 cuidadores eram mulheres, 23 eram casados e a idade média foi 46 anos. A média de satisfação foi 4,37, a média global para a sobrecarga objetiva foi 2,26 e a sobrecarga subjetiva foi de 2,09.Conclusão: Embora muito satisfeitos, diferenças nos escores de sobrecarga revelaram que os familiares recebem bom suporte psicoeducativo, mas a sobrecarga gerada pela preocupação com o ente familiar é o aspecto que mais gera sorimento. Tais resultados podem nortear o enfermeiro no direcionamento das ações de suporte aos familiares, reduzindo a sobrecarga familiar.Objective: To assess psychosocial care from the perspective of family members of schizophrenicpatients.Method: A correlational study with 40 family members at a Psychosocial Care Center III ofLondrina, Paraná, was conducted in 2015 and 2016. Variables related to the sociodemographiccharacterization and evaluation scales of the overload and satisfaction of the family memberswere obtained. Data were analyzed with measures of central tendency and correlation.Results: 24 caregivers were women, 23 were married, and the mean age was 46 years. Themean rate of satisfaction was 4.37, the overall mean value for objective overload was 2.26,and the overall mean value for subjective overload was 2.09.Conclusion: Although the family members were very satisfied, differences in overload scoresrevealed that they received good psychoeducational support, but the overload generatedby their concern for their family member was the aspect that generated the highest levels ofsuffering. Such results may guide nurses to give directions to family members, to support thenand reduce their overload.Objetivo: Evaluar la atención psicosocial acorde la visión del familiar del paciente esquizofrénico.Método: Estudio correlacional con 40 familiares en el Centro de Atención Psicosocial III deLondrina-PR, entre 2015 y 2016. Fueron obtenidas variables de caracterización sociodemográfica,de escalas de evaluación de sobrecarga y de satisfacción de familiares. Datos analizadoscon medidas de tendencia central y de correlación.Resultados: Veinticuatro cuidadores eran mujeres; 23 casadas; media etaria de 46 años. Elpromedio de satisfacción fue 4,37; el promedio global de sobrecarga objetiva fue 2,26; lasobrecarga subjetiva fue 2,09.Conclusión: A pesar de la satisfacción, las diferencias en los puntajes de sobrecarga indicanque los familiares reciben buen soporte psicoeducativo, pero la sobrecarga determinada porla preocupación por el familiar es el aspecto generador del mayor sufrimiento. Estos resultadospueden orientar al enfermero para que enfoque las acciones de soporte a los familiares,reduciendo la sobrecarga familiar

Aplicação de hidro geradores em propriedades rurais / Application of hydro generators in rural properties

A geração de energia é o tema muito debatido e estudado nos dias atuais. Por suas características existem as fontes renováveis e não renováveis, e a partir disso o estudo e o entendimento destas é um ponto primordial para a aplicação deste gerador de energia. O trabalho que aqui se apresenta buscou analisar a técnica que, através da passagem de água gere energia, conhecida como Hidro Geradores. Após o entendimento, estudo, análise dos dados do relevo, das condições de operação e serviço seja possível a escolha da melhor especificação de turbina utilizada neste projeto, a partir desta escolha que ocorra a aplicação no local estudado. Segundo os resultados do estudo, a turbina Pelton foi a que chegou mais perto das características necessárias, que seria de quedas d’águas altas e com pouco volume de água. Essa turbina irá substituir o moinho que já existe no local. Desta maneira, podemos concluir que com o avanço tecnológico e estudo, a eficiência de geração de energia será grande, ajudando a economia de custos dos favorecidos e utilização do recurso natural para um bem maior. 

Otoliths-composed gelatin/sodium alginate scaffolds for bone regeneration

Evidence that otoliths, mineral-rich limestone concrescences present in the inner ear of bone fishes, can accelerate bone formation in vivo has been previously reported. The goal of this work was the development, characterization, and evaluation of the cytocompatibility of otoliths-incorporated sodium alginate and gelatin scaffolds. Cynoscion acoupaderived otoliths were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FRX), particle size, free lime, and weight loss by calcination. Furthermore, otoliths were incorporated into sodium alginate (ALG/OTL-s) or gelatin (GEL/OTL-s) scaffolds, previously developed by freeze-drying. Then, the scaffolds were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), swelling tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cytotoxicity assays were run against J774.G8 macrophages and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Data obtained from TGA/DTG, DSC, and FTIR analyses confirmed the interaction between otoliths and the polymeric scaffolds. SEM showed the homogeneous porous 3D structure rich in otolith micro-fragments in both scaffolds. Swelling of the GEL/OTL-s (63.54±3.0%) was greater than of ALG/OTL-s (13.36±9.9%) (p0.05) and significantly higher than that treated with Triton-X (p0.05). However, by 48 h, only ALG/OTL-s showed growth similar to control (p>0.05), whereas GEL/OTL showed a significantly lower growth index (p<0.05). In conclusion, the physicochemical profiles suggest proper interaction between the otoliths and the two developed polymeric 3D scaffolds. Moreover, both materials showed cytocompatibility with J774.G8 macrophages but the growth of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts was higher when exposed to ALG/OTL-s. These data suggest that sodium alginate/otoliths scaffolds are potential biomaterials to be used in bone regeneration applications.We would like to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and the Foundation for Research and Technological Innovation Support of the State of Sergipe for the financial support in this study. EMBS acknowledges the sponsorship of the projects M-ERA-NET-0004/2015-PAIRED and UIDB/04469/2020 (strategic fund), received support from the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, Ministry of Science and Education (FCT/MEC) through national funds, and was co-financed by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement PT2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio