Implementar el juego para mejorar la atención de los estudiantes del grado tercero de la I.T.S industrial sede f san José de provivienda del distrito de Barrancabermeja

Trabajo de gradoLa práctica pedagógica se realizó en la I.T.S Industrial sede F san José de provivvienda del distrito de Barrancabermeja con un grupo de 38 estudiantes del nivel tercero. El plan de acción consistió en Facilitar y adecuar entornos de aprendizaje significativo donde el estudiante explore y fortalezca su atención, ya que es uno de los procesos cognitivos que favorecen al estudiante a la captación de todo lo que lo rodea. Captar la atención del estudiante a la hora de ejercer sus actividades escolares, es el comienzo de como abordamos las estrategias que ayuden a mantener el interés en prestar la atención a las acciones realizadas sin que decaiga su interés y motivación. El surgimiento de una nueva estrategia implicara un cambio instantáneo de la atención. Ejecutar el juego de manera didáctica como estrategia pedagógica hace parte fundamental en el aprendizaje de alguna áreas, no necesariamente tendremos que utilizar lápiz y cuadernos para la elaboración de plan acción de la actividades y así captar la mayor atención del estudiante, el estudiante vive la experiencia y participa en las actividades, aumentando la estabilidad de la atención y se sentirá más seguro de sí mismo en leer, escuchar cuentos y realizar juegos didácticos de aprendizaje. Debemos inspirar al estudiante en actividades que mejoran al desarrollo de sus pensamientos y memoria, en lograr la atención y la concentración del estudiante en esta etapa escolarThe pedagogical practice was carried out at the I.T.S Industrial headquarters F San José of provivvienda of the district of Barrancabermeja with a group of 38 third level students. The action plan will consist of Facilitating and adapting significant learning environments where the student explores and strengthens his attention, since it is one of the cognitive processes that favor the student to capture everything that surrounds him. Capturing the student's attention when carrying out their school activities is the beginning of how we approach the strategies that help maintain interest in paying attention to the actions carried out without losing their interest and motivation. The emergence of a new strategy will involve an instant shift in attention. Executing the game in a didactic way as a pedagogical strategy is a fundamental part in the learning of some areas, however we will have to use a pencil and notebooks to prepare an action plan for the activities and thus capture the student's greatest attention, the student will live a pleasant experience when participating in activities, it will increase the stability of attention and will be more self-confident since they will participate with pleasure in oriented activities such as reading, listening to stories and playing didactic learning games. We must instill in the student activities that help the development of their thoughts and memory with this we help the development of attention and concentration of the student in this special stage

A major forest insect pest, the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, is more susceptible to Diptera- than Coleoptera-targeted Bacillus thuringiensis strains

BACKGROUND The pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) is a major forest regeneration pest causing high levels of seedling mortality and economic losses. Current management relies on silviculture, stem coatings and insecticides. Here we evaluated for the first time the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains on H. abietis adults: two producing the Coleoptera-targeted toxins Cry3Aa (Bt tenebrionis NB-176) and Cry8Da (Bt galleriae SDS-502), and one producing the Diptera-targeted Cry10A (Bt israelensis AM65-52). Choice and nonchoice assays using individual and mixtures of Bt formulations, containing these strains respectively, were conducted.RESULTS We found that Bt had toxic and lethal effects on H. abietis, but effects varied with strain and formulation concentration. The Diptera-targeted Bt israelensis had the most negative effects on weevil weight, feeding and mortality (70-82% feeding reduction, 65-82% greater mortality than control), whereas the effect was lower for the Coleoptera-specific Bt tenebrionis (38-42%; 37-42%) and Bt galleriae (11-30%; 15-32%). Reduced weevil feeding was observed after 3 days, and the highest mortality occurred 7-14 days following Bt exposure. However, we found no synergistic toxic effects, and no formulation combination was better than Bt israelensis alone at reducing consumption and survival. Also, pine weevils were not deterred by Bt, feeding equally on Bt-treated and non-Bt treated food.CONCLUSION There is potential to develop forest pest management measures against H. abietis that include Bt, but only the Diptera-targeted Bt israelensis would provide effective seedling protection. Its Diptera-specificity may need reconsideration, and evaluation of other Bt strains/toxins against H. abietis would be of interest

Seasonal timing and recurrence of methyl jasmonate treatment influence pine weevil damage to Norway spruce seedlings

Defense can be induced in conifer seedlings to reduce pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) damage, by treatment with the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MJ). Few studies have addressed important practical issues regarding the use of MJ such as treatment incidence and timing, seedling age and its compatibility with plant nursery practices. We examined if levels of pine weevil damage depend on seasonal timing and recurrence of MJ treatment, and if the observed effects depend on plant age. Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings from two age cohorts (1 year and 1.5 years old) received four MJ treatments: MJ application before winter storage in the previous year, after winter storage but before spring/summer planting, repeated MJ application (both before winter storage, and before planting) or no MJ application at all. Pine weevil damage was evaluated in a lab and field experiment. We found that the timing and recurrence of MJ treatment affected the amount of damage inflicted by pine weevils in different ways, but these effects were consistent among age cohorts. MJ application before winter storage provided the most effective protection, and this reduction in damage was comparable to that provided by a currently used physical protection method against pine weevil feeding. Our results indicated that MJ can be applied in line with nursery practices (before winter storage) and provides adequate protection for two growing seasons

Ausencia de respuesta al tratamiento de primera línea para Leishmaniasis Cutánea en la Policía Colombiana : estudio de casos y controles

Introducción. La leishmaniasis cutánea (LC) representa un problema de salud pública. Los miembros de la policía colombiana están en riesgo de contraer la enfermedad y requieren tratamiento en centros especializados. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados con la ausencia de respuesta al tratamiento de primera línea en policías colombianos diagnosticados con LC entre los años 2012 y 2015. Metodología: Estudio de casos y controles con fuentes secundarias de información. Resultados: Se estudiaron 57 casos y 114 controles. El 99,4% de los sujetos era masculino, la mediana de edad fue 24 años (Rango: 19-77). Los sujetos procedían principalmente del departamento de Nariño (24,6%) (p<0,05). La mediana entre el inicio de los síntomas y la fecha de la consulta fue de 31 días (Rango: 0-212). Las lesiones estaban localizadas con mayor frecuencia en los miembros superiores (60,8%); no se encontró asociación ente la localización de las lesiones y el desenlace. Los sujetos recibieron entre uno y cuatro ciclos de tratamiento; el 95,3% recibió Glucantime como tratamiento de primera línea. Conclusiones: Proceder del departamento de Nariño se asoció significativamente con la ausencia de respuesta al tratamiento de primera línea para LC (p<0,05). No se obtuvieron datos confiables acerca de la especie infectante, la dosis de los medicamentos ni el tamaño o el número de lesiones. Se debe mejorar la calidad de los registros clínicos de los pacientes con LC. Se sugiere modificar la ficha epidemiológica del SIVIGILA para incluir factores que, según la evidencia, se encuentran asociados con la ausencia de respuesta al tratamiento.Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (LC) represents a public health problem. Members of the Colombian police are at risk of contracting the disease and require treatment in specialized centers. Objective: To identify the factors associated with the absence of response to first-line treatment in Colombian policemen diagnosed with LC between 2012 and 2015. Methodology: Case-control study with secondary sources of information. Results: We studied 57 cases and 114 controls. 99.4% of the subjects were male, the median age was 24 years (Range: 19-77). The subjects came mainly from the department of Nariño (24.6%) (p <0.05). The median between the onset of symptoms and the date of the consultation was 31 days (Range: 0-212). The lesions were more frequently located in the upper limbs (60.8%); no association was found between lesion location and outcome. Subjects received between one and four cycles of treatment; 95.3% received Glucantime as a first-line treatment. Conclusions: Proceeding from the department of Nariño was significantly associated with the absence of response to first line treatment for CL (p <0.05). No reliable data were obtained on the infecting species, the dose of the drugs, or the size or number of lesions. The quality of clinical records of patients with CL should be improved. It is suggested to modify the epidemiological data sheet of SIVIGILA in order to include factors that, according to the evidence, are associated with the absence of response to treatment

Comparing Exogenous Methods to Induce Plant-Resistance Against a Bark-Feeding Insect

Exogenous application of the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can trigger induced plant defenses against herbivores, and has been shown to provide protection against insect herbivory in conifer seedlings. Other methods, such as mechanical damage to seedlings, can also induce plant defenses, yet few have been compared to MeJA and most studies lack subsequent herbivory feeding tests. We conducted two lab experiments to: (1) compare the efficacy of MeJA to mechanical damage treatments that could also induce seedling resistance, (2) examine if subsequent insect damage differs depending on the time since induction treatments occurred, and (3) assess if these induction methods affect plant growth. We compared Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings sprayed with MeJA (10 or 15 mM) to seedlings subjected to four different mechanical bark damage treatments (two different bark wound sizes, needle-piercing damage, root damage) and previous pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) damage as a reference treatment. The seedlings were exposed to pine weevils 12 or 32 days after treatments (early and late exposure, hereafter), and resistance was measured as the amount of damage received by plants. At early exposure, seedlings treated with needle-piercing damage received significantly more subsequent pine weevil feeding damage than those treated with MeJA. Seedlings treated with MeJA and needle-piercing damage received 84% less and 250% more pine weevil feeding, respectively, relative to control seedlings. The other treatments did not differ statistically from control or MeJA in terms of subsequent pine weevil damage. For the late exposure group, plants in all induction treatments tended to receive less pine weevil feeding (yet this was not statistically significant) compared to control seedlings. On the other hand, MeJA significantly slowed down seedling growth relative to control and all other induction treatments. Overall, the mechanical damage treatments appeared to have no or variable effects on seedling resistance. One of the treatments, needle-piercing damage, actually increased pine weevil feeding at early exposure. These results therefore suggest that mechanical damage shows little potential as a plant protection measure to reduce feeding by a bark-chewing insect

Synergistic effects of methyl jasmonate treatment and propagation method on Norway spruce resistance against a bark-feeding insect

Utilizing plants with enhanced resistance traits is gaining interest in plant protection. Two strategies are especially promising for increasing resistance against a forest insect pest, the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis): exogenous application of the plant defense hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and production of plants through the clonal propagation method somatic embryogenesis (SE). Here, we quantified and compared the separate and combined effects of SE and MeJA on Norway spruce resistance to pine weevil damage. Plants produced via SE (emblings) and nursery seedlings (containerized and bare-root), were treated (or not) with MeJA and exposed to pine weevils in the field (followed for 3 years) and in the lab (with a non-choice experiment). Firstly, we found that SE and MeJA independently decreased pine weevil damage to Norway spruce plants in the field by 32-33% and 53-59%, respectively, compared to untreated containerized and bare-root seedlings. Secondly, SE and MeJA together reduced damage to an even greater extent, with treated emblings receiving 86-87% less damage when compared to either untreated containerized or bare-root seedlings in the field, and by 48% in the lab. Moreover, MeJA-treated emblings experienced 98% lower mortality than untreated containerized seedlings, and this high level of survival was similar to that experienced by treated bare-root seedlings. These positive effects on survival remained for MeJA-treated emblings across the 3-year experimental period. We conclude that SE and MeJA have the potential to work synergistically to improve plants' ability to resist damage, and can thus confer a strong plant protection advantage. The mechanisms underlying these responses merit further examination

Sostenibilidad de distintas formas de crecimiento en ciudades emergentes sudamericanas: experiència colaborativa para la medición comparativa de indicadores aplicados al hábitat urbano local

En los últimos veinte años, el crecimiento de la huella urbana en América Latina, evidencia una relación insostenible entre la extensión de la mancha urbana y el crecimiento poblacional, observándose un mayor consumo de suelo por habitante. Frecuentemente, suelos aptos para cultivo son ocupados por urbanizaciones de lujo con baja densidad y alta segregación social. También se ocupan zonas de riesgo ambiental con urbanizaciones marginales y los sectores medios, construyen sus viviendas en parcelas sin suficientes servicios. La investigación plantea una propuesta colaborativa entre investigadores de Colombia, Brasil y Argentina para procesar y divulgar los resultados entre los agentes decisores del proceso de planificación. Para lograr este objetivo, se propone aplicar los indicadores de sostenibilidad urbana propuestos por la Agencia de Ecología Urbana de Barcelona, evaluando comparativamente las distintas formas de crecimiento urbano que se desarrollan en el contexto de latinoamericano y proponer una adaptación de los mismos a la realidad regional.The expansion of the urban footprint in Latin America over the past 20 years reveals an untenable relationship between urban sprawl and population growth, with an increase in land use per capita. Tracts of arable land often are occupied by low-density, highly socially segregated luxury developments. Environmental risk zones also contain marginal housing, and middle-income homes are built on sites without adequate infrastructure.The proposed study involves a collaboration between researchers from Colombia, Brazil and Argentina to process the results and share them with decision-makers in the planning process.To achieve this objective, the researchers plan to use the urban sustainability indicators put forth by the Urban Ecology Agency of Barcelona to perform a comparative evaluation of different forms of urban growth taking place in Latin America, and propose ways to adapt them to the realities of the region

Healing of bark wounds in Norway spruce seedlings can be negatively affected by treatment with methyl jasmonate

Key messageTreatment with methyl jasmonate can slow down the healing of stem bark wounds in Norway spruce seedlings.In woody plants, healing of bark wounds is a tolerance trait involved in recovery from stem damage. Yet, little is known on how wound healing may be affected by plant protection treatments such as methyl jasmonate application (MeJA, a plant hormone triggering increased resistance to pests). Here, we examined if MeJA can affect healing of an existing and a subsequently inflicted stem wound on Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings, the effect of treatment on plant growth, and potential trade-offs between healing and resistance to insect damage. Seedlings from 18 full-sib families were mechanically wounded (or not) on the lower stem and treated with MeJA (or water) one week after. Two months later, another wound was inflicted and wound area was measured during six months. Growth of non-wounded and wounded seedlings were compared, and correlations between family estimates of healing rates and field insect damage were examined. We found that MeJA slowed down wound healing. For the first and second wound, respectively, MeJA-treated seedlings experienced 15% and 9% slower healing rates, and wounds remained 58% and 69% larger in size compared to water-treated seedlings. Stem wounding and MeJA together were more detrimental to seedling diameter than height growth, relative to each treatment alone. Finally, resistance to field insect damage and wound healing rates were not significantly correlated. We conclude that MeJA-mediated seedling protection may trade-off with bark wound healing, which may be negative for seedling vigor. However, further studies are needed to evaluate if such effects outweigh the benefits that MeJA provides

A Systematic Review on the Effects of Plant-Feeding by Omnivorous Arthropods: Time to Catch-Up With the Mirid-Tomato Bias?

Zoophytophagous (omnivorous) predators provide valuable pest control services, and offer an advantage over strict carnivores as plant-feeding enables survival during prey shortage. This putative advantage can potentially be their downside, as plant-feeding may entail damage that negatively affects plant growth/yield (i.e., the cost arising from of omnivore plant-feeding). Yet, benefits conferred by predatory services are usually thought to counterbalance any impact of plant damage. In this systematic review, our goal was to determine how often levels of omnivore damage and its consequences for plants (costs) are considered or quantified. We provide a synthesis of publication trends and findings on omnivore plant-feeding levels, plant injury variables, actual (if quantified) and potential effects on growth/yield, the type of study (lab, greenhouse) and the plants/omnivores most often examined. Our search revealed that measures of omnivore plant-feeding are occasionally reported, but seldom are the direct consequences of such damage also considered. Omnivore plant-feeding were reported in 57% of studies (53 of 93 full-text examined); within these, the majority (&gt;80%) indicated moderate to high levels of plant-feeding. However, only 22% of reports (15 of 69) quantified the effects of omnivore-inflicted damage on plant performance. Of these 15 reports, a greater number found negative consequences for plants compared to those showing no effect (8 vs. 4; 3 with both), with consequences for yield relative to growth being more often evaluated (6 vs. 2). Overall, fruit/leaf injuries relative to stem/flower-feeding were most often examined, and lab/greenhouse experiments predominated. Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and the mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis were the most common species studied (34 and 14 reports, respectively). Our results indicate that costs to plants of omnivore-inflicted damage are often neglected. We argue that predatory benefits need to be simultaneously considered with plant-feeding effects to appropriately evaluate pest control services. Publication trends suggest that more studies are evaluating costs to plants, but a paradigm shift is still needed. Furthermore, we found that our understanding of plant-feeding and its effects is disproportionally based on studies examining tomato plants and its omnivorous biocontrol agents. To confirm the generality of findings thus far, other plant omnivore systems should be further considered

Relação entre o tempo de uso das redes sociais na Internet e a saúde mental dos adolescentes colombianos

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si hay diferencias entre grupos de adolescentes de grado 7° de la ciudad de Bogotá, con diferentes tiempos de uso de las redes sociales en problemáticas de tipo internalizante, externalizante, la soledad percibida, el funcionamiento familiar y el sexo. El estudio con diseño ex post facto valoró el efecto del tiempo de uso de redes sociales a tres niveles (bajo, medio y alto) a través de un cuestionario socio demográfico diseñado para tal fin: el LSRQ, el FACES III, CDI y el YSR. Participaron 96 estudiantes con un rango de edades entre los 11 y 15 años. Se encontró que entre los participantes con un elevado tiempo de uso de las redes sociales, eran mayores los problemas de tipo externalizante (conducta agresiva, ruptura de reglas y problemas de atención). Se discute la necesidad de que en futuras investigaciones se enfaticen los factores positivos que para el desarrollo de los adolescentes puede tener el uso de las redes sociales a través de Internet.O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar se existem diferenças entre grupos de adolescentes da 7° série da cidade de Bogotá, com diferentes tempos de uso das redes sociais em problemáticas de tipo internalizante, externalizante, a solidão percebida, o funcionamento familiar e o sexo. O estudo com desenho ex pós fato avaliou o efeito do tempo de uso de redes sociais em três níveis (baixo, médio e alto) através de um questionário sóciodemográfico desenhado para esse fim: o LSRQ, o FACES III, CDI e o YSR. Participaram 96 estudantes da faixa etária de 11 a 15 anos. Encontrou-se que entre os participantes com um elevado tempo de uso das redes sociais, eram maiores os problemas de tipo externalizante (conduta agressiva, ruptura de regras e problemas de atenção). Discute-se a necessidade de que em pesquisas futuras sejam enfatizados os fatores positivos que para o desenvolvimento dos adolescentes pode ter o uso das redes sociais através de Internet.The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the amount of time spent in social networking and the presence of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in adolescents. Participants were 96 seventh grade students aged between 11 and 15 years who were attending schools in Bogotá, Colombia. An ex-post facto design was used and the amount of time spent in social networking was divided into three categories: high, medium and low. The instruments included a sociodemographic questionnaire especially designed for this purpose, the Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction Questionnaire by Cassidy & Asher (LSDQ for its English acronym), the Youth Self- Report by Achenbach (YSR, for its English acronym), the Child Depression Inventory by Kovacs (CDI, for its English acronym) and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales by Olson, Portner & Lavee (FACES III, for its English acronym). Findings showed that participants with a greater amount of time spent on social networking had more externalyzing disorders (aggressive behavior, rule breaking and attention deficits) than students in the other two categories. The need for future research that stresses the positive factors that the use of Internet social networking can have on adolescents' development is discussed