Dynamic of dominance, growth and bromatology of Eragrostis plana Nees in secondary vegetation area 1 Dinâmica da dominância, crescimento e bromatologia de Eragrostis plana Nees em área de vegetação secundária

ABSTRACT -The objective of this work was to evaluate the dominance, growth and bromatology of tough lovegrass or 'annoni' grass (Eragrostis plana) in secondary vegetation area. The evaluations were carried out at 23, 45, 64, 86, 111, 132, 153, and 174 days of growth after a mowing. The tough lovegrass was the dominant species on the area, accounting for 76 to 90% of biomass. There was a linear increase for leaf (9.8 kg DM ha -1 day -1 ) and total dry mass (16.9 kg DM ha -1 day -1 ) of the tough lovegrass. During the 111 days of the vegetative stage, the biomass was composed only of leaves, and the flowering started at 132 days. At 174 days, the tough lovegrass accumulated about 4,000 kg DM ha -1 , 650 kg DM ha -1 of which was composed of inflorescences. The growth analysis revealed a specific leaf area of 72 cm 2 g -1 and a maximum leaf area index of 2.1. The leaf area ratio decreased from 72.2 to 43.9 cm² g -1 between the 23 rd and 174 th days. The bromatological analysis showed a high content of neutral detergent fiber (85.3-90.4%) and acid detergent fiber (39.4-42.8%), as well as low crude protein content (3.9-9.9%), indicating the low forage quality of the species. entre o 23º e o 174º dia após o corte. A análise bromatológica mostrou elevados teores de fibra em detergente neutro (85,3-90,4%) e fibra em detergente ácido (39,4-42,8%), e baixo teor de proteína bruta (3,9-9,9%), indicando a baixa qualidade nutricional do capim-annoni. Palavras-chave: Fibra. Índice de área foliar. Massa seca. Proteína bruta. Razão de área foliar

Perdas de carbono e nitrogênio com aplicação de dejeto líquido bovino em latossolo muito argiloso sob plantio direto e chuva natural Carbon and nitrogen losses with liquid catlle manure from a clayey oxissol under no-till and natural rainfall

O transporte de poluentes via escoamento superficial em áreas agrícolas, principalmente na forma solúvel, é considerado um problema ambiental, mesmo em sistemas conservacionistas de preparo do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as perdas de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio no escoamento superficial, com a aplicação de 0, 60, 120 e 180 m³ ha-1 ano-1 de dejeto líquido bovino, em Latossolo muito argiloso, com declividade de 10 %, sob plantio direto e chuva natural, na região de Castro - PR. A aplicação do dejeto líquido bovino não alterou o carbono orgânico total, porém diminuiu as perdas de amônio e nitrato até a dose de 120 m³ ha-1 ano-1, o que indica ser esta a dose máxima recomendada para solo muito argiloso, declive moderadamente ondulado, baixas precipitações e com no mínimo uma semana de intervalo entre a aplicação do dejeto e a ocorrência de chuvas. As concentrações médias ponderadas de amônio e nitrato no escoamento superficial aumentaram com a aplicação de dejeto. As concentrações de amônio estiveram muito acima do máximo permitido pela legislação brasileira, inclusive sem aplicação de dejeto, o que indica a necessidade de práticas que evitem a entrada do escoamento em corpos de água, mesmo em sistemas conservacionistas.The transport of pollutants via runoff in agricultural areas, mainly in soluble forms, is an environmental problem, even in conservation tillage systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate losses of nitrogen and organic carbon in runoff, after applications of 0, 60, 120, and 180 m³ ha-1 yr-1 of cattle slurry to a clayey Oxisol, with 10 % slope under no-tillage and natural rainfall, in the region of Castro - PR. The application of cattle slurry did not affect total organic carbon in runoff but ammonium and nitrate losses were reduced by the fertilization with 120 m³ ha-1 yr-1 of slurry, indicating this as the maximum dose recommended for soils with a high clay content, moderate slope and low rainfall, with at least one week interval between manure application and rainfall. The weighted average concentrations of ammonium and nitrate increased with manure application. The ammonium concentrations exceeded the threshold established by the Brazilian law by far, even in the treatment without slurry application, indicating the need for practices that prevent runoff from entering watercourses, even in conservation tillage systems

Perdas de carbono e nitrogênio com aplicação de dejeto líquido bovino em latossolo muito argiloso sob plantio direto e chuva natural

O transporte de poluentes via escoamento superficial em áreas agrícolas, principalmente na forma solúvel, é considerado um problema ambiental, mesmo em sistemas conservacionistas de preparo do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as perdas de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio no escoamento superficial, com a aplicação de 0, 60, 120 e 180 m³ ha-1 ano-1 de dejeto líquido bovino, em Latossolo muito argiloso, com declividade de 10 %, sob plantio direto e chuva natural, na região de Castro - PR. A aplicação do dejeto líquido bovino não alterou o carbono orgânico total, porém diminuiu as perdas de amônio e nitrato até a dose de 120 m³ ha-1 ano-1, o que indica ser esta a dose máxima recomendada para solo muito argiloso, declive moderadamente ondulado, baixas precipitações e com no mínimo uma semana de intervalo entre a aplicação do dejeto e a ocorrência de chuvas. As concentrações médias ponderadas de amônio e nitrato no escoamento superficial aumentaram com a aplicação de dejeto. As concentrações de amônio estiveram muito acima do máximo permitido pela legislação brasileira, inclusive sem aplicação de dejeto, o que indica a necessidade de práticas que evitem a entrada do escoamento em corpos de água, mesmo em sistemas conservacionistas

Dynamic of dominance, growth and bromatology of Eragrostis plana Nees in secondary vegetation area

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the dominance, growth and bromatology of tough lovegrass or 'annoni' grass (Eragrostis plana) in secondary vegetation area. The evaluations were carried out at 23, 45, 64, 86, 111, 132, 153, and 174 days of growth after a mowing. The tough lovegrass was the dominant species on the area, accounting for 76 to 90% of biomass. There was a linear increase for leaf (9.8 kg DM ha-1 day-1) and total dry mass (16.9 kg DM ha-1 day-1) of the tough lovegrass. During the 111 days of the vegetative stage, the biomass was composed only of leaves, and the flowering started at 132 days. At 174 days, the tough lovegrass accumulated about 4,000 kg DM ha-1, 650 kg DM ha-1 of which was composed of inflorescences. The growth analysis revealed a specific leaf area of 72 cm2 g-1 and a maximum leaf area index of 2.1. The leaf area ratio decreased from 72.2 to 43.9 cm2 g-1 between the 23rd and 174th days. The bromatological analysis showed a high content of neutral detergent fiber (85.3-90.4%) and acid detergent fiber (39.4-42.8%), as well as low crude protein content (3.9-9.9%), indicating the low forage quality of the species

EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL E SUAS DIFERENTES ABORDAGENS: em busca de pistas bibliográficas

In this chapter, we conducted a survey of works that brings, as an articulator, the crossing between Physical Education and Children Education. We evidenced how, in academic level, the intersection of these two areas has been reviewed, indicating that, in this context, we found a number of contributions, but also a number of weaknesses in which the Physical Education has been facing in the area.Neste capítulo, realizamos um levantamento de trabalhos que trazem como elemento articulador o entrecruzamento da Educação Física com a Educação Infantil. Evidenciamos, assim, como, em nível acadêmico, a intersecção destas duas áreas tem sido abordada, apontando que, neste âmbito, não só encontramos uma série de contribuições, mas também, de lacunas com as quais vem se enfrentando a área de Educação Física

How do leaders, in a multiple leader context, give sense to the same strategic change?

For organisational leaders, managing change is a primary management activity (By, 2005). Reflecting this significance as a management function, there is now a substantial body of literature and many dynamic models and ‘recipes’ advising managers how to deal with change. While models and recipes abound, there is little research that examines the micro processes at work when leaders engage in organisational change initiatives. This study directly addressed that gap. Utilising novel methods, it digs deep into one vital aspect of organisational change; that is how leaders give sense to strategic change. The study is set in a multi-leader context where leaders compete to give sense to the same change. Theoretically, the investigation is grounded in sensegiving (Gioia & Chittipeddi, 1991) which is recognised as an effective lens for the investigation of leadership behaviour during change. The sensegiving literature is rich in describing what leaders do when they attempt to give sense, but this still evolving field holds many gaps in our understanding of how leaders go about giving sense. This study presents a unique contribution to address the imbalance and offers advancements in sensegiving theory, method, and practice. The study adopts a critical realist stance (Bhaskar, 1979) which facilitates the examination of underlying tendencies of generative mechanisms at play during leader sensegiving. It uses a case study (Eisenhardt, 1989) approach to conduct an inductive and retroductive qualitative data analysis (Miles and Huberman, 1994) of naturally occurring data. Moving beyond traditional framing analysis the study draws on argument theory (Toulmin, 1958) and extends this to incorporate the structure of Aristotle’s rhetorical appeals. In doing so it allows for an in-depth micro level analysis that unpacks the sensegiving behaviour of leaders and exposes the generative mechanisms in a multi-leader context as they attempt to give sense to the same strategic change. This is an innovative approach in this field and its novelty has yielded dividends. The study makes five important contributions. 1. It demonstrates the potential for advancement of knowledge through the adoption of a critical realist stance to sensegiving research. 2. It presents a unique research method to unpack multiple leader sensegiving and moves beyond the repetition associated with framing analysis. 3. It identifies how proponents and opponents of the same strategic change use different argument and rhetorical strategies when attempting to give sense. 4. It presents an original theoretical model which conceptualises sense, not as a cognition that is given as the name suggests, but a cognition that emerges from episodes of meaning giving to environmental cues, sense creation for common sensegiving targets and articulation. 5. It identifies that these processes are underpinned by patterns of behaviour which can, because they can be exercised differently by proponents and opponents, create a myriad of meaning and sense creation possibilities. For the academic community these findings contribute to both method and theory. For leaders of organisational change it provides a useful model to enable them identify how their sensegiving attempts, and those of their opponents, are constructed thus enabling the design and implementation of more effective change strategies

Cilostazol for peripheral arterial disease – a position paperfrom the Italian Society for Angiology and Vascular Medicine

<jats:p> Summary: Cilostazol is a quinolinone-derivative selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor and is a platelet-aggregation inhibitor and arterial vasodilator for the symptomatic treatment of intermittent claudication (IC). Cilostazol has been shown to improve walking distance for patients with moderate to severe disabling intermittent claudication who do not respond to exercise therapy and who are not candidates for vascular surgical or endovascular procedures. Several studies evaluated the pharmacological effects of cilostazol for restenosis prevention and indicated a possible effect on re-endothelialization mediated by hepatocyte growth factor and endothelial precursor cells, as well as inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation and leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, thereby exerting an anti-inflammatory effect. These effects may suggest a potential effectiveness of cilostazol in preventing restenosis and promoting the long-term outcome of revascularization interventions. This review aimed to point out the role of cilostazol in treating patients with peripheral arterial disease, particularly with IC, and to explore its possible role in restenosis after lower limb revascularization. </jats:p&gt

Genetic divergence among accessions of Axonopus jesuiticus x A. scoparius based on morphological and agronomical traits

This study had the objective of assessing the genetic divergence in giant missionary grass (Axonopus jesuiticus x A. scoparius) germplasm based on morphological and agronomic traits. Five accessions were evaluated in the field: V14337, V14403, V14404, V14405 and V14406. Three contrasting groups were formed using the UPGMA clustering method: V14337 and V14404 formed one group, V14403 and V14405 formed another, and V14406 was isolated from the other accessions. The most striking traits for the identification of the accessions were the height of the plant and the change color of the leaf. Only V14406 accession had purplish green leaves. The other four accessions differed with regards to plant height and dry matter production, with superiority of V14337 and V14404 accessions. The high similarity, as assessed by the mean Euclidean distance, suggests that V14337 and V14404 share the same genotype. The genotypic variability among accessions indicates their potential use in breeding programs

New Phytotoxic Cassane-like Diterpenoids from Eragrostis plana

Eragrostis plana (Nees) is an allelopathic plant with invasive potential in South American pastures. To isolate and identify phytotoxic compounds from leaves and roots of E. plana, a bioassay-directed isolation of the bioactive constituents was performed. This is the first report on a new diterpene carbon skeleton, neocassane, and of three new neocassane diterpenes, neocassa-1,12(13),15-triene-3,14-dione, 1; 19-norneocassa-1,12(13),15-triene-3,14-dione, 2; and 14-hydroxyneocassa-1,12(17),15-triene-3-one, 3, identified from the roots. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 inhibited the growth of duckweed by 50% at concentrations of 109 ± 28, 200 ± 37, and 59 ± 15 μM, respectively. Compound 2 was fungicidal to Colletotrichum fragariae, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The compounds identified here could explain the allelopathy of E. plana. The description of the newly discovered compounds, besides contributing to the chemical characterization of the species, may be the first step in the study of the potential of these compounds as bioherbicides

Growth and regrowth of tough lovegrass (Eragrostis plana Nees)

This study evaluated the morphological development of two populations of tough lovegrass during 120 days of continuous growth (Experiment I), and the regrowth of one population under the combination of cutting height (5 cm and 10 cm) and phenological stage at the first cutting (vegetative and beginning of flowering; Experiment II). In Experiment I, plants were harvested at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of growth; in Experiment II, three cuttings were carried out at every 30 days, and the plants were harvested four weeks after the previous one. In Experiment I, the populations did not differ for morphological development, showing a linear increase in height and tiller number, and a quadratic trend for root and shoot dry matter (DM). At 120 days of growth, plants presented 10 basal tillers and 80 leaves, strongly compressed at the base and no sign of senescence. In Experiment II, there was no significant cutting height × phenological stage interaction, but cuttings at 5 cm reduced plant size and yield. Cuttings started at the vegetative stage decreased the root (3.06 g DM/plant) and stubble dry matter (1.17 g DM/plant), compared with 6.84 g and 3.99 g DM/plant, respectively, with cuttings started at the flowering stage. Tough lovegrass shows basal architecture, basal bud renovation, leaves densely compressed in the tiller base, high belowground allocation, and elongation of internodes only in reproductive stage. Mechanical control is an alternative method to minimize its growth, especially if it is carried out early in the growing season and at low cutting height